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Accurate diagnosis and effective prevention are critical in managing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is linked to high mortality rates ranging from 10% to 80%. Timely recognition of at-risk patients and careful monitoring can significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney damage.Diagnostic Assessments:The diagnostic process starts with a comprehensive medical history to identify prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.Prerenal causes, such as dehydration, hypotension, or blood loss, should...
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Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction01:25

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 27, 2026

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Contrast-induced nephropathy: Basic concepts, pathophysiological implications and prevention strategies.

Charalampos Mamoulakis1, Konstantinos Tsarouhas2, Irini Fragkiadoulaki3

  • 1Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.

Pharmacology & Therapeutics
|June 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), a form of acute kidney injury from contrast media, requires risk assessment and potential prevention strategies. Further research is needed to clarify its pathophysiology and the efficacy of antioxidant treatments.

Keywords:
Contrast mediaKidneyNephropathyPreventionToxicity

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Radiology
  • Cardiology

Background:

  • Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is acute renal failure following iodinated contrast media (CM) administration.
  • Pathophysiology involves oxidative stress and apoptosis, but remains incompletely understood.
  • Standard diagnostic criteria for CIN are lacking, complicating incidence and significance assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review basic concepts of CIN.
  • To summarize current knowledge on CIN pathophysiology.
  • To evaluate evidence for CIN prevention strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review.
  • Analysis of recent methodological advancements in CIN research.
  • Assessment of evidence for preventative measures.

Main Results:

  • CIN increases morbidity, hospital stay, and mortality.
  • Risk assessment for all patients receiving CM is recommended.
  • High-risk patients may benefit from preventative strategies.

Conclusions:

  • CIN pathophysiology requires further elucidation.
  • The role of antioxidants beyond sodium bicarbonate in CIN prevention is controversial.
  • Continued clinical investigation is warranted for CIN management and prevention.