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Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
Published on: November 4, 2025
Gene/environment interactions in craniosynostosis: A brief review
E L Durham1, R N Howie1, J J Cray1
1Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
Craniosynostosis arises from various factors like gene mutations and environmental exposures. Understanding gene/environment interactions is key to preventing this condition in susceptible populations.
Area of Science:
- Developmental biology
- Genetics
- Environmental health
Background:
- Craniosynostosis is a complex congenital condition.
- Etiology involves genetic mutations, teratogens, and gene/environment interactions.
- Differentiating exposure effects (sufficient, additive, interactive) is crucial.
Purpose of the Study:
- To define categorized exposures in craniosynostosis.
- To review literature on gene/environment interactions in craniosynostosis.
- To inform prevention strategies.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of gene/environment interactions.
- Analysis of categorized exposure effects (sufficient, additive, interactive).
- Focus on craniosynostosis etiology.
Main Results:
- Gene mutations and environmental factors contribute to craniosynostosis.
- Gene/environment interactions play a significant role.
- Identifying specific interaction types aids in understanding susceptibility.
Conclusions:
- Understanding gene/environment interactions is vital for craniosynostosis research.
- Distinguishing exposure effects can guide targeted prevention efforts.
- Further research into these interactions can lead to successful prevention strategies.
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