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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization
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The Insula in Temporal Plus Epilepsy.

Carmen Barba1, Lorella Minotti, Anne-Sophie Job

  • 1*Pediatric Neurology Unit, Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital Meyer, Florence, Italy; †Neurology Department, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; ‡University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, GIN, Grenoble, France; and §Inserm, U1216, Grenoble, France.

Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society
|June 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) surgery can fail due to temporal plus epilepsy extending to other brain regions. Identifying insular involvement is key for better surgical outcomes in these complex cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Epileptology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) surgery is a common treatment for drug-resistant focal seizures, but long-term seizure freedom rates are suboptimal.
  • Temporal plus epilepsy, involving the temporal lobe and adjacent areas, is a significant predictor of TLE surgery failure.
  • The insula, a deep brain structure, is hypothesized to play a role in temporoperisylvian epilepsies, a common type of temporal plus epilepsy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the prognostic implications of temporal plus epilepsy and the potential role of the insula in TLE surgery outcomes.
  • To emphasize the importance of identifying patients with atypical, nonlesional TLE who may benefit from invasive investigations, particularly insular exploration.
  • To underscore the need for further research into the efficacy of multilobar resections in temporal plus epilepsy, especially when the insula is implicated.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on temporal lobe epilepsy, temporal plus epilepsy, and insular epilepsy.
  • Analysis of the role of the insula in epileptogenic networks within the context of temporoperisylvian epilepsies.
  • Discussion of modern neurosurgical techniques for insular epilepsy surgery and their outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Temporal plus epilepsy is associated with worse postsurgical seizure outcomes compared to pure temporal lobe epilepsy.
  • Involvement of the insula in the epileptogenic network may necessitate its inclusion in surgical resection for seizure freedom.
  • Insular epilepsy surgery, using modern techniques, has demonstrated safety and benefits.

Conclusions:

  • Identifying patients with temporal plus epilepsy, particularly those with potential insular involvement, is crucial for improving surgical outcomes.
  • Invasive investigations to explore the insula are warranted in select patients with atypical, nonlesional TLE.
  • Further studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of extensive resections in temporal plus epilepsy involving eloquent or difficult-to-access areas like the insula.