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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

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Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation
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Varicella vaccination - the global experience.

Peter Wutzler1, Paolo Bonanni2, Margaret Burgess3

  • 1a Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy , Friedrich Schiller University , Jena , Germany.

Expert Review of Vaccines
|June 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Varicella vaccination is highly effective in reducing disease burden, with no evidence of shifting illness to older groups. This immunization easily integrates into existing programs, offering significant public health benefits.

Keywords:
Varicellaeffectivenessherpes zosterimmunizationvaccines

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Varicella (chickenpox) poses a significant health burden despite being often considered a mild childhood illness.
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends universal varicella vaccination programs with over 80% coverage.
  • Vaccine adoption varies globally due to cost concerns and potential shifts in disease incidence to older age groups or increased herpes zoster (shingles).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the effectiveness and epidemiological impact of varicella immunization programs.
  • To address concerns regarding vaccine-induced shifts in disease burden and herpes zoster incidence.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of varicella immunization programs.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data on varicella and herpes zoster incidence post-vaccination.

Main Results:

  • Varicella vaccines demonstrate high immunogenicity and safety.
  • One and two-dose schedules are highly effective, leading to significant reductions in varicella incidence, especially moderate-to-severe cases.
  • No evidence supports a shift in varicella disease burden to older populations due to vaccination.
  • Increased herpes zoster incidence observed post-vaccination has multiple contributing factors, with trends predating vaccine introduction.

Conclusions:

  • Varicella vaccination is a safe and effective public health intervention.
  • It significantly reduces the burden of varicella and integrates well into existing immunization schedules.
  • Concerns about disease burden shifts to older age groups or increased herpes zoster are not supported by current evidence.