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Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...

Precipitation Gravimetry

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...

Precipitation Processes

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

Global Climate Change

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Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods

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In argentometric precipitation titrations, endpoints can be detected visually by the Mohr, Volhard, and Fajans methods. In the Mohr method, adding a soluble chromate indicator gives an initial yellow color to the analyte solution. As the titrant is added, the first excess of silver ions forms a red silver chromate precipitate, marking the endpoint. The solution pH should be maintained at about 8 by adding solid CaCO3.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Laboratory and Field Protocol for Estimating Sheet Erosion Rates from Dendrogeomorphology

Laboratory and Field Protocol for Estimating Sheet Erosion Rates from Dendrogeomorphology

Published on: January 7, 2019

Global rainfall erosivity assessment based on high-temporal resolution rainfall records.

Panos Panagos¹, Pasquale Borrelli², Katrin Meusburger²

¹European Commission, Joint Research Centre, I-21027, Ispra (VA), Italy. panos.panagos@ec.europa.eu.

Scientific Reports

|June 25, 2017

Summary

Rainfall erosivity, a key driver of soil degradation, was poorly understood globally. This study quantifies erosivity using data from 3,625 stations, creating the first global map to aid soil conservation efforts.

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Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data

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Last Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Laboratory and Field Protocol for Estimating Sheet Erosion Rates from Dendrogeomorphology

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Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

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Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data

Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data

Published on: December 12, 2013

Area of Science:

Earth Science
Environmental Science
Soil Science

Background:

Water erosion is the primary cause of global soil degradation.
Global patterns of rainfall erosivity are poorly quantified, hindering effective soil management.
Accurate rainfall erosivity data requires high temporal resolution rainfall recordings.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify global rainfall erosivity patterns.
To develop the first comprehensive Global Rainfall Erosivity Database.
To create a high-resolution global erosivity map to support soil conservation strategies.

Main Methods:

Collected rainfall data from 3,625 stations across 63 countries.
Estimated rainfall erosivity using high temporal resolution rainfall recordings.
Developed a global erosivity map using Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) at 30 arc-seconds resolution.

Main Results:

The Global Rainfall Erosivity Database is the first of its kind.
Mean global rainfall erosivity is estimated at 2,190 MJ mm ha⁻¹ h⁻¹ yr⁻¹.
Highest erosivity is observed in South America, the Caribbean, Central/East Africa, and Southeast Asia; lowest in Canada, Russia, Northern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.

Conclusions:

The developed global map provides crucial insights into rainfall erosivity distribution.
Findings highlight regions with high erosion potential, informing targeted soil degradation mitigation.
Climate zones show distinct erosivity patterns, with tropical zones exhibiting the highest mean erosivity.