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Related Concept Videos

Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Deprivation01:13

Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Deprivation

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Insufficient sleep refers to not getting the recommended amount of sleep for optimal functioning, even if it's just slightly less than needed. Sleep insufficiency may occur due to lifestyle choices, such as staying up late for social events or work, resulting in routinely getting less sleep than required. For example, consistently sleeping 6 hours when the body needs 7-9 hours can lead to cumulative effects on health and well-being.
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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

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Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
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Understanding Sleep01:11

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Sleep, an essential biological state, involves significant reductions in physical activity, sensory awareness, and interaction with the environment. This complex physiological process is primarily regulated by specific brain regions, notably the hypothalamus and pons, which govern the sleep-wake cycle or circadian rhythm.
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Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

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Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
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Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

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Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
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Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep01:24

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Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Polygraphic Recording Procedure for Measuring Sleep in Mice
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Adenosine and Sleep.

Michael Lazarus1, Jiang-Fan Chen2,3, Zhi-Li Huang4

  • 1International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan. lazarus.michael.ka@u.tsukuba.ac.jp.

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
|June 25, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adenosine promotes sleep through specific receptors. Further research is needed to fully understand its neural circuitry and explore natural compounds and selective drugs for sleep disorders.

Keywords:
Adeno-associated virusAstrocytesCGS 21680DREADDIstradefyllineModafinilNon-rapid eye movement sleepOptogeneticsProstaglandin D2Slow-wave sleep

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Adenosine is an endogenous sleep-promoting substance acting via A1 and A2A receptors.
  • Understanding adenosine's role is crucial for developing effective sleep aids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on adenosine system regulation, its role in sleep-wake cycles, and potential therapeutic applications.
  • To highlight gaps in understanding the neural circuitry of adenosinergic sleep regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on adenosine, its receptors, and sleep.
  • Discussion of pharmacologic and genetic tools for manipulating the adenosine system.
  • Analysis of caffeine's effects and potential of selective adenosine receptor drugs.

Main Results:

  • Adenosine significantly influences sleep and wakefulness across multiple brain regions.
  • The complete neural network mediating adenosine's sleep effects is not fully elucidated.
  • Natural compounds and selective drugs show promise for sleep disorder treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Adenosine is a key regulator of sleep, with ongoing research into its complex neural pathways.
  • Targeting adenosine receptors offers potential therapeutic strategies for sleep disorders.
  • Further investigation into natural sleep aids and selective receptor modulators is warranted.