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MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Strategies for Study of Neuroprotection from Cold-preconditioning

Strategies for Study of Neuroprotection from Cold-preconditioning

Published on: September 2, 2010

MicroRNA Changes in Preconditioning-Induced Neuroprotection.

Josh D Bell^1,2, Jang-Eun Cho^1,3, Rona G Giffard⁴

¹Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.

Translational Stroke Research

|June 25, 2017

Summary

Preconditioning protects the central nervous system from injury. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are increasingly recognized for their role in this neuroprotection, though their exact mechanisms require further investigation.

Keywords:

MicroRNA Neuroprotection Preconditioning Stroke

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Published on: June 2, 2015

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Preconditioning involves exposing the central nervous system (CNS) to sublethal stress to induce protection against subsequent injury, such as ischemic stroke.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and are implicated in both the development of cerebral ischemia and the protective effects of preconditioning.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current understanding of the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in preconditioning-induced neuroprotection within the central nervous system (CNS).
To highlight the contribution of miRNAs to cerebral protection following preconditioning stimuli.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on microRNA (miRNA) expression changes following preconditioning stimuli in the central nervous system (CNS).
Analysis of studies investigating the functional roles of specific miRNAs in preconditioning-induced neuroprotection, including in vitro and in vivo experiments.

Main Results:

Studies have identified 562 miRNAs with altered expression levels after preconditioning, with varying degrees of reproducibility across studies.
Approximately 40% of consistently changed miRNAs showed similar expression trends in multiple studies.
While many miRNAs are modulated by preconditioning, their precise mechanisms of neuroprotection are not fully elucidated, with most functional studies conducted in vitro.

Conclusions:

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are suggested to play significant roles in the neuroprotective mechanisms of preconditioning in the central nervous system (CNS).
Further in vivo research is needed to fully understand the functional impact and therapeutic potential of miRNAs in preconditioning-induced cerebral protection.