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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
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An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
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Disorders of thyroid morphogenesis.

Rasha Abu-Khudir1, Stéphanie Larrivée-Vanier2, Jonathan D Wasserman3

  • 1Endocrinology Service and Research Center, Sainte-Justine Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Quebec, Canada; Chemistry Department, Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|June 27, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid dysgenesis, a cause of congenital hypothyroidism, has genetic links, though thyroid ectopy remains unexplained. This review covers known genetic defects and syndromes associated with thyroid developmental anomalies.

Keywords:
congenital hypothyroidismdevelopmentthyroid dysgenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid dysgenesis is the primary cause of congenital hypothyroidism.
  • While often sporadic, genetic factors are suggested by familial clustering and ethnic variations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review known monogenic defects in thyroid dysgenesis.
  • To outline syndromes associated with thyroid developmental anomalies.
  • To highlight the unexplained nature of thyroid ectopy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of genetic defects and syndromes related to thyroid dysgenesis.
  • Analysis of reported familial enrichment and ethnic incidence variations.

Main Results:

  • Monogenic defects are identified in specific genes, primarily linked to athyreosis or orthotopic thyroid hypoplasia.
  • Thyroid ectopy, the most common anomaly, lacks a clear genetic explanation.
  • Syndromic associations with thyroid dysgenesis are documented.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic contributions to thyroid dysgenesis are evident, but ectopy requires further investigation.
  • Understanding genetic and epigenetic factors is crucial for congenital hypothyroidism research.