Late complications of percutaneous tracheostomy using the balloon dilation technique

The purpose of this study was to determine the late complications in critically ill patients requiring percutaneous tracheostomy (PT) using the balloon dilation technique.

A prospective, observational cohort study was carried out.

Two medical-surgical intensive care units (ICU).

All mechanically ventilated adult patients consecutively admitted to the ICU with an indication of tracheostomy.

All patients underwent PT according to the Ciaglia Blue Dolphin^® method, with endoscopic guidance. Survivors were interviewed and evaluated by fiberoptic laryngotracheoscopy and tracheal computed tomography at least 6 months after decannulation.

Intraoperative, postoperative and long-term complications and mortality (in-ICU, in-hospital) were recorded.

A total of 114 patients were included. The most frequent perioperative complication was minor bleeding (n=20) and difficult cannula insertion (n=19). Two patients had severe perioperative complications (1.7%) (major bleeding and inability to complete de procedure in one case and false passage and desaturation in the other). All survivors (n=52) were evaluated 211±28 days after decannulation. None of the patients had symptoms. Fiberoptic laryngotracheoscopy and computed tomography showed severe tracheal stenosis (>50%) in 2patients (3.7%), both with a cannulation period of over 100 days.

Percutaneous tracheostomy using the Ciaglia Blue Dolphin^® technique with an endoscopic guide is a safe procedure. Severe tracheal stenosis is a late complication which although infrequent, must be taken into account due to its lack of clinical expressiveness. Evaluation should be considered in those tracheostomized critical patients who have been cannulated for a long time.