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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Leaky Scanning02:28

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Mutations in Microorganisms01:18

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Mutations are heritable changes in an organism’s genome involving alterations in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. These changes can influence cellular processes and phenotypic traits, potentially transforming the unaltered wild type into a mutant form. Such changes, termed forward mutations, are pivotal in shaping the genetic diversity of organisms.RNA viruses exhibit the highest mutation rates due to the absence of robust proofreading mechanisms during genome replication. In contrast,...
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Mismatch Repair01:20

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Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
RSV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of a plus-strand  RNA genome. Its genome consists of four main open...
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An Improved and High Throughput Respiratory Syncytial Virus RSV Micro-neutralization Assay
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The mutable vaccine for mutable viruses.

Marilia Cascalho1, Samuel J Balin1, Jeffrey L Platt1

  • 1Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

Immunotherapy
|June 28, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel mutable vaccine strategy to combat rapidly diversifying viruses like HIV. By leveraging somatic hypermutation, this vaccine aims to pre-empt viral evolution for enhanced control.

Keywords:
B cellHIVantigenescape variantmutable virussomatic hypermutationvaccineviral evolutionvirus

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Vaccine Development

Background:

  • Mutable viruses, such as HIV, present significant challenges for vaccine development due to rapid diversification.
  • Conventional vaccine strategies are often hindered by the evolutionary capacity of these viruses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel 'mutable vaccine' concept designed to overcome the limitations of conventional vaccines against mutable viruses.
  • To explore a new approach that harnesses viral properties to enhance vaccine efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a DNA construct encoding viral antigen and regulatory sequences.
  • Targeting the somatic hypermutation apparatus in B cells upon vaccine delivery.
  • Inducing high-rate mutation of the DNA construct to generate antigen variants.

Main Results:

  • The mutable vaccine construct mutates at rates one million times higher than baseline.
  • This process leads to the production and presentation of diverse viral antigen variants.
  • Initial work suggests this approach could anticipate viral diversification.

Conclusions:

  • The mutable vaccine strategy offers a novel approach to control or slow the evolution of mutable viruses.
  • This method may provide a more effective way to develop vaccines against rapidly diversifying pathogens like HIV.