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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Olfaction01:25

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex.
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The Physiology of Taste01:24

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The perception of a salty flavor is facilitated by sodium ions within the oral salivary fluid. Upon consumption of a salty substance, salt crystals disassemble, leading to the liberation of its constituents—Na+ and Cl- ions. These ions subsequently dissolve into the salivary fluid present in the oral cavity. The external environment of the gustatory cells experiences an elevation in Na+ concentration, thereby establishing a potent concentration gradient. This gradient propels the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Single Sensillum Recordings for Locust Palp Sensilla Basiconica
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Two Olfactory Pathways to Detect Aldehydes on Locust Mouthpart.

Liwei Zhang1, Hongwei Li1, Long Zhang1

  • 1Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.

International Journal of Biological Sciences
|June 29, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Insect olfactory receptors (ORs) and Ionotropic Receptors (IRs) typically function separately. In locusts, however, both OR and IR pathways are essential for detecting the plant odor Hexanal, revealing a novel dual-receptor system.

Keywords:
RNAialdehydes.inotropic receptorodorant receptorodorant-binding proteinpalp opening response

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Area of Science:

  • Entomology
  • Neuroscience
  • Chemical Ecology

Background:

  • Insects rely on olfactory systems for environmental adaptation.
  • Odorant Receptors (ORs) and Ionotropic Receptors (IRs) are key insect olfactory receptors.
  • ORs and IRs generally function in distinct neurons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the detection mechanisms of the host plant odor Hexanal in locusts.
  • To determine if ORs and IRs function independently or cooperatively in odor detection.
  • To elucidate the roles of specific ORs and IRs in locust olfaction.

Main Methods:

  • Palp Opening Response (POR) behavioral assay.
  • RNA interference (RNAi) for gene silencing.
  • Two-color fluorescence in situ hybridization for co-localization studies.
  • Extracellular recordings for dose-dependent response analysis.

Main Results:

  • Hexanal is detected by both OR- and IR-expressing neurons in locust palps.
  • Both OR and IR pathways are required for Hexanal detection, as shown by RNAi.
  • OR2 and obp1 co-localized in sensilla basiconica; IR8a and obp2a co-localized in sensilla chaetica.
  • Knockdowns of OR2, obp1, IR8a, and obp2a affected Hexanal response.
  • E-2-Hexenal detection was independent of IR8a, but dependent on OR pathway.

Conclusions:

  • Locusts utilize both OR and IR pathways for detecting the aldehyde Hexanal.
  • This study reveals a cooperative function between OR and IR pathways in insect olfaction.
  • The findings challenge the general assumption of independent OR and IR pathway function.