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Related Concept Videos

Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

881
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment
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EXTENT AND LIMITS OF COVERT LEXICAL ACTIVATION IN LETTER-BY-LETTER READING.

Martin Arguin, Daniel Bub, Jeffrey Bowers

    Cognitive Neuropsychology
    |June 29, 2017
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    Summary

    Letter-by-letter dyslexia patients show covert lexical activation via parallel letter encoding. This process is weak, with impaired phonological access, unlike neurologically intact individuals.

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    Area of Science:

    • Cognitive Neuroscience
    • Neurolinguistics
    • Psychology

    Background:

    • Letter-by-letter dyslexia is characterized by slow, sequential word processing.
    • Implicit reading in these patients suggests underlying covert lexical activation.
    • Understanding the mechanisms of this covert activation is crucial.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the extent and limitations of covert lexical activation in a letter-by-letter dyslexic patient (IH).
    • To examine masked orthographic and phonological priming effects.
    • To analyze orthographic neighborhood size effects on word recognition.

    Main Methods:

    • Masked repetition priming with case-alternate stimuli (100 ms exposure).
    • Homophone priming effects compared to control subjects.
    • Analysis of naming latencies in relation to orthographic neighborhood size and word frequency.

    Main Results:

    • IH exhibited masked repetition priming, indicating parallel letter encoding.
    • Homophone priming was absent in IH, unlike in neurologically intact individuals.
    • IH showed reduced naming latencies for words with larger orthographic neighborhoods, but with an abnormal frequency interaction.

    Conclusions:

    • IH demonstrates a weak form of covert lexical activation based on parallel letter encoding.
    • Phonological access appears significantly impaired in this patient.
    • Findings suggest that word recognition in letter-by-letter dyslexia involves both sequential processing and weakened covert lexical activation.