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Related Concept Videos

Tactile and Chemical Senses01:27

Tactile and Chemical Senses

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Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex.
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Gustation01:43

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Gustation is a chemical sense that, along with olfaction (smell), contributes to our perception of taste. It starts with the activation of receptors by chemical compounds (tastants) dissolved in the saliva. The saliva and filiform papillae on the tongue distribute the tastants and increase their exposure to the taste receptors.
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Taste Buds and Receptors01:20

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Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
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The Physiology of Taste01:24

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The perception of a salty flavor is facilitated by sodium ions within the oral salivary fluid. Upon consumption of a salty substance, salt crystals disassemble, leading to the liberation of its constituents—Na+ and Cl- ions. These ions subsequently dissolve into the salivary fluid present in the oral cavity. The external environment of the gustatory cells experiences an elevation in Na+ concentration, thereby establishing a potent concentration gradient. This gradient propels the...
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Olfaction01:25

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Studying Murine Small Bowel Mechanosensing of Luminal Particulates
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How the Gut Feels, Smells, and Talks.

Joep Beumer1, Hans Clevers2

  • 1Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, 3584 GC, Utrecht, the Netherlands.

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Researchers discovered how gut bacteria signals reach the brain. They identified stimuli acting on serotonin-producing cells, revealing a direct link between the gut and brain neurons.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gastroenterology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Gut-brain signaling is crucial for homeostasis.
  • The precise mechanisms of gut-brain cross-talk are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify luminal stimuli that activate enteroendocrine cells.
  • To elucidate the synaptic interactions between enteroendocrine cells and neurons.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the effects of various luminal stimuli on serotonin-secreting enteroendocrine cells.
  • Utilized advanced techniques to demonstrate functional synaptic connections.

Main Results:

  • Identified diverse luminal stimuli that trigger serotonin release from enteroendocrine cells.
  • Provided the first evidence of a functional synaptic interaction between these cells and neurons.

Conclusions:

  • Luminal stimuli directly influence gut-brain communication via enteroendocrine cells.
  • This study reveals a novel pathway for gut-brain signaling.