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Related Concept Videos

Noble Gases02:54

Noble Gases

23.0K

The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name “noble” because they were assumed to be nonreactive since they have filled valence shells. In 1962, Dr. Neil Bartlett at the University of British Columbia proved this assumption to be false.
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The Joule and Joule–Thomson Experiments01:23

The Joule and Joule–Thomson Experiments

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Consider an adiabatic system composed of two chambers, A and B, designed such that no heat flows into or out of the system. Initially, chamber A is filled with a gas at a fixed temperature T1, pressure p1, and volume V1, while chamber B is evacuated. The gas is then gradually forced through a rigid, porous barrier to chamber B, ultimately reaching temperature T2, pressure p2, and volume V2. A piston on the right side maintains a constant pressure (p2), which is lower than p1. The significant...
18

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Cryogenic Liquid Jets for High Repetition Rate Discovery Science
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Experimental helium liquefier with a GM cryocooler.

Anup Choudhury1, Santosh Sahu1

  • 1Inter University Accelerator Centre (IUAC), New Delhi, India.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|July 3, 2017
PubMed
Summary

A novel helium liquefier utilizes a Gifford-McMahon cryocooler to achieve efficient helium liquefaction. This system demonstrates a production capacity of 17.4 liters per day, optimizing cold enthalpy recovery.

Area of Science:

  • Cryogenics and Refrigeration Engineering
  • Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Background:

  • Helium liquefaction is crucial for scientific research and industrial applications requiring extremely low temperatures.
  • Traditional liquefaction methods can be energy-intensive and complex.
  • Gifford-McMahon cryocoolers offer a robust platform for achieving cryogenic temperatures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize a helium liquefier integrated with a Gifford-McMahon cryocooler.
  • To leverage the multi-stage cold enthalpy of the cryocooler for efficient liquefaction.
  • To design a compact and coaxial system for improved performance and ease of use.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a Gifford-McMahon cryocooler, extracting cold enthalpy from its first, inter-stage, and second stages.

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  • Employed a coaxial heat exchanger and inter-stage region to pre-cool helium gas from 300 K.
  • Designed a second-stage heat exchanger for final cooldown and condensation of helium.
  • Configured the heat exchangers, cryostat, and dewar symmetrically around a central axis.

    • Main Results:

    • Achieved a measured helium liquefaction capacity of 17.4 liters per day at atmospheric pressure.
    • Demonstrated effective absorption of helium gas enthalpy in the initial stages of the cryocooler.
    • Confirmed the final liquefaction and condensation occur at the second-stage heat exchanger.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed helium liquefier effectively utilizes a Gifford-McMahon cryocooler for efficient gas liquefaction.
    • The coaxial design and multi-stage enthalpy recovery contribute to the system's performance.
    • The liquefier provides a practical solution for generating liquid helium with a notable production rate.