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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Reprogramming human cells to naïve pluripotency: how close are we?

Lawrence E Bates1, José Cr Silva1

  • 1Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.

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Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) show variability, unlike mouse PSCs. New research on naïve-like human PSCs aims for reproducible outcomes and consistent differentiation protocols in biomedical science.

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Regenerative medicine

Background:

  • Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are crucial for biomedical science, but human PSCs exhibit significant variability compared to stable mouse PSC lines.
  • This variability is attributed to differences in cell identity between conventional mouse and human PSCs.
  • Recent advancements focus on reprogramming human cells into a naïve-like state to overcome these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the latest literature on the discovery of human naïve-like stem cells.
  • To examine the similarities between human naïve-like stem cells and mouse naïve cells.
  • To compare human naïve-like stem cells with the preimplantation human epiblast.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on human naïve-like stem cell reprogramming.
  • Comparative analysis of cell identity markers and developmental potential.
  • Examination of pluripotency characteristics in different stem cell states.

Main Results:

  • Human cells can be reprogrammed to a naïve-like pluripotent state.
  • Naïve-like human PSCs exhibit distinct characteristics compared to conventional human PSCs.
  • These cells show similarities to both mouse naïve PSCs and the early human epiblast.

Conclusions:

  • Naïve-like human PSCs hold promise for more reproducible experimental outcomes.
  • Consistent differentiation protocols may be achievable with these improved stem cell models.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand and utilize human naïve-like PSCs in biomedical applications.