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Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Chicken Recombinant Limbs Assay to Understand Morphogenesis, Patterning, and Early Steps in Cell Differentiation
Published on: January 12, 2022
Biophysical regulation of early limb bud morphogenesis
1Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 0A4; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Canada M5S 1A8; Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Canada M5G 1X8.
Abstract:
The physical basis of morphogenesis is a fascinating concern that has been a longstanding interest of developmental biologists. In this review, I attempt to incorporate earlier and recent biophysical concepts and data to explain basic features of early limb bud morphogenesis. In particular, I discuss the influence of mesenchymal cohesion and physical properties that might contribute to phase separation of the bud from the lateral plate, the possibility that the early dorsoventral limb bud axis is moulded by the surface ectoderm, and endogenous electric fields that might contribute to oriented cell movements which generate the early limb bud. A combination of quantitative biophysical experimentation and modelling will likely advance this field.
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