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Experimental evolution reveals differences between phenotypic and evolutionary responses to population density.

K B McNamara1, L W Simmons1

  • 1Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences (M092), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.

Journal of Evolutionary Biology
|July 5, 2017
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Group living impacts immunity and reproduction. Evolving Indian meal moths at low densities increased sperm transfer and immune function (phenoloxidase activity), suggesting no evolutionary trade-off.

Keywords:
ecological immunologysexual conflictsexual selectiontrade-offs

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Animal behavior
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Group living increases disease transmission risk, potentially selecting for enhanced immunity.
  • It can also select for increased male reproductive investment due to risks of female multiple mating.
  • Trade-offs between immunity and reproduction are documented, but evolutionary responses are less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary response of immunity and reproduction to population density in Indian meal moths (Plodia interpunctella).
  • To determine if an evolutionary trade-off exists between immune function and reproductive investment under different population densities.

Main Methods:

  • Created replicated populations of P. interpunctella.
  • Rearing and mating for 14 generations under high or low population densities.
  • Measured phenoloxidase (PO) activity as an index of immunity and sperm transfer as a measure of reproductive investment.

Main Results:

  • Populations evolved under low density showed increased sperm transfer in males and higher PO activity in both sexes compared to high-density populations.
  • Observed evolutionary divergence in PO and reproduction in a direction opposite to previously reported plastic responses.
  • No apparent evolutionary trade-off between immunity and reproduction was detected.

Conclusions:

  • Evolutionary pressures from population density can lead to divergence in immunity and reproductive traits.
  • The study suggests that under certain conditions, immunity and reproduction may not be evolutionarily constrained by a trade-off.
  • Reduced PO activity and sperm investment at high densities may relate to sexual conflict or trade-offs between pre- and post-copulatory traits.