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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Single cell transcriptomics of pluripotent stem cells: reprogramming and differentiation.

Kedar Nath Natarajan1, Sarah A Teichmann2, Aleksandra A Kolodziejczyk1

  • 1Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK; European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
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Single-cell transcriptomics reveals cell states and heterogeneity in pluripotent stem cells. This technology enhances understanding of gene regulation, cell-fate determination, and reprogramming processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Single-cell transcriptomics is crucial for analyzing cellular heterogeneity.
  • Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) exhibit complex states and dynamics.
  • Understanding PSCs is key for regenerative medicine and developmental biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in applying single-cell transcriptomics to PSCs.
  • To highlight key findings regarding PSC heterogeneity and regulation.
  • To discuss future combinatorial single-cell approaches for PSC research.

Main Methods:

  • Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) for high-resolution transcriptomic profiling.
  • Computational analysis to identify cell states, subpopulations, and regulatory networks.
  • Integration of cell cycle and pluripotency markers.

Main Results:

  • Identification of distinct cell states and subpopulations within PSCs.
  • Elucidation of gene regulatory networks governing pluripotency exit and cell-fate decisions.
  • Insights into molecular mechanisms of somatic cell reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).

Conclusions:

  • Single-cell transcriptomics provides unprecedented resolution for studying PSCs.
  • This approach is vital for understanding developmental processes and cellular reprogramming.
  • Emerging combinatorial methods promise deeper insights into PSC biology.