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Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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Viral Recombination00:57

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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Diversity of Protists II01:27

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Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Experimental Viral Infection in Adult Mosquitoes by Oral Feeding and Microinjection
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Experimental Viral Infection in Adult Mosquitoes by Oral Feeding and Microinjection

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Effect of Intermediate Hosts on Emerging Zoonoses.

Jing-An Cui1, Fangyuan Chen1, Shengjie Fan1

  • 1School of Science, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture , Beijing, China .

Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)
|July 6, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Intermediate hosts amplify emerging zoonotic diseases, complicating control efforts. Mathematical models show that managing intermediate hosts is crucial for preventing human epidemics and safeguarding public health.

Keywords:
epidemiologyintermediate hostmodelingnatural reservoirpathogen transmission typezoonosis

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Mathematical Biology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Emerging zoonotic pathogens often originate in animal reservoirs.
  • Intermediate hosts play a critical role in the transmission of zoonotic diseases to humans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of intermediate hosts on emerging zoonotic diseases.
  • To model three distinct types of pathogen transmission involving intermediate hosts.

Main Methods:

  • Development of three mathematical models representing different transmission scenarios.
  • Stability analysis to determine conditions for disease extinction.
  • Simulations to assess epidemic dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Intermediate hosts complicate disease control by altering extinction conditions.
  • Intermediate hosts can change epidemic peak timing and size.
  • The role of intermediate hosts varies depending on the epidemic stage.

Conclusions:

  • Controlling intermediate host populations is vital for managing zoonotic disease outbreaks.
  • Mathematical modeling provides insights into zoonotic disease dynamics.
  • Timely interventions targeting reservoirs and hosts are essential for public health protection.