Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 27, 2026

A Complete Method for Evaluating the Performance of Photocatalysts for the Degradation of Antibiotics in Environmental Remediation
Published on: October 6, 2022
Ferrous-activated peroxymonosulfate oxidation of antimicrobial agent sulfaquinoxaline and structurally related
Yuefei Ji1, Lu Wang1, Mengdi Jiang1
1College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
Abstract:
Sulfaquinoxaline (SQX) is a coccidiostatic drug widely used in poultry and swine production and has been frequently detected in various environmental compartments such as surface water, groundwater, soils, and sediments. In the present study, degradation of SQX by ferrous ion-activated peroxymonosulfate oxidation process (Fe(II)/PMS), a promising in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) technique, was systematically investigated. Experimental results showed that Fe(II)/PMS process appeared to be more efficient for SQX removal relative to Fe(II)/persulfate process (Fe(II)/PS). An optimal Fe(II):PMS molar ratio of 1:1 was found to be necessary for efficient removal of SQX. Increasing the solution pH hampered the degradation of SQX, and no enhancement in SQX degradation was observed when chelating agents S,S'-ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic acid (EDDS) and citrate were present. The presence of Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA), as a representative of aquatic natural organic matter (NOM), could inhibit the degradation of SQX. SQX was more susceptible to Fe(II)/PMS oxidation in comparison to its substructural analog 2-amino-quinoxaline (2-AQ) and other sulfonamides, i.e., sulfapyridine (SPD) and sulfadiazine (SDZ). Transformation products of SQX were enriched by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and identified by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). On the basis of the TPs identified, detailed reaction pathways for SQX degradation including sulfonamide bond cleavage, SO2 extrusion, and aniline moiety oxidation were proposed. Our contribution may provide some useful information for better understanding the kinetics and mechanisms of SQX degradation by sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs).
More Related Videos
12:08Monitoring the Reductive and Oxidative Half-Reactions of a Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenase using Stopped-Flow Spectrophotometry
Published on: March 18, 2012
05:46Identification of Pharmaceuticals in The Aquatic Environment Using HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS and Elimination of Erythromycin Through Photo-Induced Degradation
Published on: August 1, 2018
Related Concept Videos
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
Phase I Oxidative Reactions: Overview
Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids
Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions
Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems
Oxidation reactions are fundamental in aromatic carbon-containing systems. An example is the hydroxylation of phenobarbital, a process that transforms it into...
Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides