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Related Concept Videos

Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Mass Spectrometry01:12

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Higher molecular weight biomolecules are nonvolatile compounds that may decompose before ionizing or vaporizing during mass analysis with conventional electron impact ionization methods. Accordingly, electrospray ionization (ESI) is the favored method for vaporizing and ionizing biomolecules as it circumvents rapid fragmentation and enables the recording of mass signals for the entire biomolecule.
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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the...
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In gas chromatography, different detectors are employed to meet specific analytical needs. These detectors are often categorized based on their detection mechanisms and the types of compounds they are best suited to analyze. Thermal Conductivity Detectors (TCD), Flame Ionization Detectors (FID), and Electron Capture Detectors (ECD) represent common categories, each with unique operating principles and applications. However, beyond these, several other detectors are designed for more specialized...
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Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Quantitative Detection of Trace Explosive Vapors by Programmed Temperature Desorption Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector
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Application of paper spray ionization for explosives analysis.

Chia-Wei Tsai1,2, Christopher A Tipple3, Richard A Yost1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 LEI, Gainesville, FL, USA.

Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry : RCM
|July 7, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This study optimized paper spray ionization (PSI) for negative ion mode explosives analysis. Using isopropanol with ammonium nitrate improved signal and stability, enabling detection of explosives like PETN and analysis of plastic explosives.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Mass Spectrometry
  • Forensic Science

Background:

  • Decreasing analysis time, including sampling, is crucial for explosives detection.
  • Paper Spray Ionization (PSI) offers combined sampling and ionization but faces challenges with negative ion generation for explosives.
  • This research addresses the need for effective negative ion mode PSI for explosives analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate solutions for generating explosives ions in negative mode PSI.
  • To optimize solvent systems and additives for enhanced explosives ionization.
  • To demonstrate the applicability of the developed method for real-world samples.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of explosives including 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), HMX, and RDX.
  • Comparison of various solvents (tert-butanol, isopropanol, methanol, acetonitrile) and additives (carbon tetrachloride, ammonium nitrate).
  • Evaluation of solvent systems and additives for their impact on explosives ionization.

Main Results:

  • Isopropanol demonstrated superior performance among the tested solvents.
  • The addition of ammonium nitrate to isopropanol significantly enhanced analyte signal and ionization stability.
  • Achieved limits of detection as low as 0.06 ng for PETN; successfully analyzed plastic explosives (Composition 4, Semtex).

Conclusions:

  • Negative ion mode PSI-MS analysis of explosives is feasible and effective.
  • Isopropanol with ammonium nitrate provides enhanced signal and stability for explosives ionization.
  • The developed method shows potential for analyzing real-world explosive samples.