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    This study introduces an efficient simulation method for surface fluid flow using shallow-water equations. The approach accurately models real-world phenomena like rain on trees and shower water, enhancing computer graphics simulations.

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    Area of Science:

    • Computer Graphics
    • Fluid Dynamics
    • Computational Science

    Background:

    • Surface flow phenomena (e.g., rain on tree trunks, shower water) are common but understudied in computer graphics compared to 3D fluid flow.
    • Existing methods lack the fidelity and efficiency to accurately simulate these specific types of fluid dynamics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop an efficient, robust, and high-fidelity simulation approach for surface flow phenomena.
    • To extend the shallow-water flow model for general triangle meshes and incorporate feature-based friction.
    • To enable physically realistic interactions with multiple fluids and solid surfaces for coupled phenomena.

    Main Methods:

    • Extended the standard shallow-water flow model to general triangle meshes.
    • Introduced a feature-based bottom friction model.
    • Derived mathematical formulations for realistic physical effects and interactions.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated an efficient, robust, and high-fidelity simulation of surface flows.
    • Achieved compatibility with existing 3D fluid simulators.
    • Supported physically realistic interactions for coupled phenomena.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed shallow-water equation-based approach effectively simulates complex surface flow phenomena.
    • The model is flexible and extensible for advanced coupled simulations in computer graphics.
    • This work bridges a research gap in simulating real-world surface fluid dynamics.