Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Pineal Gland01:02

The Pineal Gland

5.9K
The pineal gland, a diminutive endocrine structure named for its pinecone-shaped appearance, is situated atop the third ventricle within the diencephalon region of the forebrain. This gland, composed of secretory cells known as pinealocytes arranged in compact cords and clusters around dense particles of calcium salts, plays a pivotal role in hormonal regulation.
The primary secretion of the pineal gland is the hormone melatonin, derived from serotonin. The concentration of melatonin in the...
5.9K
Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions01:30

Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions

5.9K
The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the...
5.9K
Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

3.1K
Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
3.1K
Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

4.6K
The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
4.6K
Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination01:23

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination

4.6K
The hypothalamus is a small yet highly complex and essential brain region that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. Anatomically, it is located at the base of the brain, just above the brainstem and below the thalamus, forming part of the limbic system.
The hypothalamus interacts with other brain regions, including the pituitary gland, through a direct physical connection called the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The hypothalamus receives somatic and visceral inputs and...
4.6K
Locus of Control01:26

Locus of Control

266
Locus of control describes how individuals perceive the causes of events in their lives, influencing motivation and well-being. Introduced by Julian Rotter in 1954, it is categorized into internal and external locus of control.Internal Locus of ControlIndividuals with an internal locus of control believe their actions determine outcomes, fostering responsibility, self-efficacy, and motivation. For example, an employee may attribute career success to hard work. Research links this mindset to...
266

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Author Correction: Human cerebrospinal fluid net flow enhanced by respiration during the awake state.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Autonomic Dysfunction and Risk of Mortality in Early-Onset Parkinson's Disease.

Annals of neurology·2025
Same author

Human cerebrospinal fluid net flow enhanced by respiration during the awake state.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

VPS13C heterozygous loss of function as a modifier for suboptimal response to levodopa in Parkinson's disease.

Parkinsonism & related disorders·2025
Same author

Harlequin syndrome: using clinical features and autonomic testing to unmask the disorder.

Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society·2025
Same author

The phenotype of "pure" autonomic failure.

Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Localization of the Locus Coeruleus in the Mouse Brain
07:44

Localization of the Locus Coeruleus in the Mouse Brain

Published on: March 7, 2019

19.3K

Locus coeruleus.

Eduardo E Benarroch1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW (Southwest), Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. Benarroch.eduardo@mayo.edu.

Cell and Tissue Research
|July 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic (NE) system is crucial for attention and arousal. Its early involvement in Parkinson disease (PD) suggests it

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Neuropharmacology

Background:

  • The locus coeruleus (LC) is a key brainstem nucleus containing norepinephrine (NE)-synthesizing neurons with widespread central nervous system projections.
  • The LC-NE system modulates arousal, attention, stress responses, synaptic plasticity, pain, motor control, and cerebral blood flow.
  • Degeneration of LC noradrenergic neurons is an early event in Parkinson disease (PD), preceding dopaminergic neuron loss.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the LC-NE system in the pathobiology of Parkinson disease (PD).
  • To explore the LC-NE system as a potential therapeutic target for PD.
  • To understand the contribution of noradrenergic signaling deficits to cognitive and motor symptoms in early PD.

Main Methods:

Keywords:
Locus coeruleusNorepinephrineParkinson disease

More Related Videos

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation
07:26

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

Published on: November 26, 2019

8.7K
Slice Preparation, Organotypic Tissue Culturing and Luciferase Recording of Clock Gene Activity in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
10:06

Slice Preparation, Organotypic Tissue Culturing and Luciferase Recording of Clock Gene Activity in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Published on: February 15, 2011

36.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Localization of the Locus Coeruleus in the Mouse Brain
07:44

Localization of the Locus Coeruleus in the Mouse Brain

Published on: March 7, 2019

19.3K
Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation
07:26

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

Published on: November 26, 2019

8.7K
Slice Preparation, Organotypic Tissue Culturing and Luciferase Recording of Clock Gene Activity in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
10:06

Slice Preparation, Organotypic Tissue Culturing and Luciferase Recording of Clock Gene Activity in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Published on: February 15, 2011

36.4K
  • Review of existing literature on LC-NE system function and its involvement in neurodegenerative disorders, particularly PD.
  • Analysis of studies examining the timing of LC noradrenergic neuron degeneration relative to dopaminergic neuron degeneration in PD.
  • Examination of evidence linking abnormal noradrenergic signaling to cognitive impairments (e.g., attention deficits) and motor symptoms in PD.

Main Results:

  • Noradrenergic neurons in the LC are severely affected early in the course of Parkinson disease (PD).
  • LC noradrenergic neuron degeneration precedes dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta in PD.
  • Deficits in noradrenergic signaling are increasingly recognized as significant contributors to cognitive dysfunction, especially impaired attention, in early PD.

Conclusions:

  • The LC-NE system plays a critical role in the pathobiology of Parkinson disease (PD).
  • Dysfunctional noradrenergic signaling contributes to both cognitive and potentially motor symptoms in PD.
  • The LC-NE system represents a promising therapeutic target for managing PD symptoms and progression.