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Related Concept Videos

Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
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The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
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Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
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As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

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Using human artificial chromosomes to study centromere assembly and function.

Oscar Molina1,2, Natalay Kouprina3, Hiroshi Masumoto4

  • 1Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3QR, UK. omolina@carrerasresearch.org.

Chromosoma
|July 9, 2017
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Summary

Human artificial chromosomes (HACs) reveal how centromere chromatin and transcription are vital for kinetochore assembly and chromosome segregation. This research highlights epigenetic engineering for studying centromere function.

Keywords:
CENP-ACentromereHuman artificial chromosomesKinetochoreMitosis

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Centromeres are crucial for chromosome segregation during cell division, serving as the assembly site for kinetochores.
  • Active centromeres feature CENP-A nucleosomes and a gene-like chromatin environment, essential for kinetochore formation and maintenance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the application of human artificial chromosome (HAC) technology in understanding centromere assembly and function.
  • To emphasize the role of epigenetic engineering in studying centromere dynamics using the alphoidtetO HAC.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing human artificial chromosomes (HACs) to investigate centromere biology.
  • Employing the alphoidtetO HAC for epigenetic engineering and targeted modification studies.

Main Results:

  • HACs provide insights into the delicate balance of histone modifications and transcription at centromeres.
  • Studies demonstrate the necessity of this balance for proper kinetochore assembly and centromere maintenance.

Conclusions:

  • HAC technology is a powerful tool for dissecting centromere assembly and function.
  • Epigenetic engineering of centromeres, particularly using the alphoidtetO HAC, facilitates detailed functional analysis.