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Schema benefit vs. proactive interference: Contradicting behavioral outcomes and coexisting neural patterns.

Noga Oren1, Irit Shapira-Lichter2, Yulia Lerner3

  • 1Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Tel Aviv Center for Brain Functions, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.

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|July 10, 2017
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Summary

Prior knowledge can help or hurt learning. This study reveals distinct brain patterns for schema benefit (assistance) and proactive interference (hindrance), influenced by attention and age. The medial prefrontal cortex supports schema benefit, while other regions support proactive interference across the lifespan.

Keywords:
Dual taskInter-subject correlationMoviePosterior cingulate cortexfMRI

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Prior knowledge impacts new learning through schema benefit and proactive interference.
  • Neural mechanisms underlying these opposing effects and their modulation by attention and age are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the coexistence of neural correlates for schema benefit and proactive interference.
  • To examine the influence of attentional load and aging on these neural patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to study younger and older adults performing a task involving sequential movie presentation.
  • Attentional load was manipulated using easy or hard secondary tasks.
  • Analyses focused on inter-subject correlation (inter-SC) and functional connectivity (FC) in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC).

Main Results:

  • Schema benefit and proactive interference showed distinct neural patterns in mPFC, PCC, and vlPFC.
  • High attentional load attenuated context effects in mPFC and PCC but revealed effects in vlPFC.
  • Older adults exhibited context effects in PCC and vlPFC, with specific neural patterns correlating with schema benefit or proactive interference.

Conclusions:

  • Neural mechanisms for schema benefit (mPFC) and proactive interference (vlPFC, PCC) are distinct but retained across the lifespan.
  • Attentional load modulates these neural processes.
  • Brain-behavior relationships highlight the functional significance of these regions in predicting learning outcomes.