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Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Competitive Homing Assays to Study Gut-tropic T Cell Migration

Competitive Homing Assays to Study Gut-tropic T Cell Migration

Published on: March 1, 2011

Improving homing in T cell therapy.

Debora Vignali¹, Marinos Kallikourdis²

¹Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano (Milano), Italy.

Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews

|July 11, 2017

Summary

Adoptive T cell therapies (ACT) show promise for cancer treatment but are limited by T cells failing to reach tumors. Enhancing T cell trafficking to tumors is key for effective cancer immunotherapy.

Keywords:

Adaptive cell therapy Chemokines Homing T cells Tumor

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Cancer Biology
Oncology

Background:

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are crucial for anti-cancer immune responses.
Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) utilizes in vitro-expanded T cells to target cancer.
Current ACT faces challenges with transferred T cells reaching tumor sites effectively.

Purpose of the Study:

To review findings on T cell trafficking to tumors.
To highlight strategies for improving T cell homing in ACT.
To discuss overcoming barriers in T cell migration for enhanced cancer immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on T cell trafficking and tumor microenvironment.
Analysis of mechanisms hindering T cell migration (stromal barriers, chemokine mismatch).
Examination of strategies to enhance T cell homing (stroma remodeling, chemokine receptor modification).

Main Results:

Tumor microenvironment and chemokine signaling significantly impact T cell homing.
Strategies like targeting stroma and modifying T cells with chemokine receptors improve tumor infiltration.
Combinatorial approaches are being developed to address multiple barriers.

Conclusions:

Improving T cell trafficking is essential for successful adoptive T cell therapy.
Targeting tumor stroma and optimizing chemokine interactions enhance T cell delivery to tumors.
Future ACT strategies will likely involve combinations to overcome physical, biological, and immunosuppressive barriers.