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Related Concept Videos

Caspases01:24

Caspases

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Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside...
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The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
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CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Identifying Caspases and their Motifs that Cleave Proteins During Influenza A Virus Infection
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Caspases control antiviral innate immunity.

Huihui Chen1, Xiaohan Ning2,3,4, Zhengfan Jiang3

  • 1Shenzhen BOLI Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518040, China.

Cellular & Molecular Immunology
|July 11, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Caspases, crucial cysteine proteases, play key roles in antiviral immunity. They regulate key signaling molecules and cell death pathways, offering sophisticated defense against viral infections.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Caspases are cysteine proteases with known roles in apoptosis and inflammation.
  • Emerging evidence highlights their significance in innate antiviral immunity.
  • Viral infections trigger inflammasome activation and cell death pathways involving caspases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent discoveries on the diverse functions of caspases in antiviral innate immunity.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which caspases modulate antiviral responses.
  • To highlight the involvement of caspases in virus-induced cell death.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of cutting-edge research on caspases and antiviral immunity.
  • Analysis of studies investigating caspase involvement in inflammasome activation and cytokine signaling.
  • Examination of data on caspase-mediated apoptosis and pyroptosis during viral infections.

Main Results:

  • Caspases fine-tune antiviral signaling adapters and cytokines, including type I interferons.
  • Multiple caspases are implicated in apoptosis and pyroptosis during viral infections.
  • Caspases exhibit multifaceted roles beyond programmed cell death in antiviral defense.

Conclusions:

  • Caspases are critical regulators of the innate antiviral immune response.
  • Understanding caspase functions is essential for developing novel antiviral strategies.
  • Caspases represent a sophisticated defense mechanism against viral pathogens.