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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Structural Isomerism

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can...

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview

Neutral hydrocarbons like cyclopentadiene with an odd number of carbon atoms and one intervening CH2 group in the ring are not aromatic. Cyclopentadiene with 4 π electrons does not satisfy the 4n + 2 π electron rule. Additionally, the intervening CH2 group is sp3 hybridized and lacks a vacant p orbital, thereby interrupting the overlap of p orbitals in a continuous manner and preventing the delocalization of π electrons throughout the ring.
Due to the absence of continuous...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 27, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Crystalline Neutral Allenic Diborene.

Wei Lu¹, Yongxin Li¹, Rakesh Ganguly¹

¹Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)

|July 11, 2017

Summary

Researchers synthesized a zwitterionic boraalkenyl boronium and a neutral allenic diborene featuring cumulated C=B and B=B double bonds. This diborene reacted with isonitriles to form a heterocycle, breaking the B=B bond.

Keywords:

allenes boron diborenes isoelectronic analogs multiple bonds

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Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

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Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

Published on: February 11, 2012

Area of Science:

Organoboron chemistry
main group chemistry
synthesis of novel compounds

Background:

Cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (cAACs) are versatile ligands in main group chemistry.
Diboranes are important precursors for boron-containing compounds.
Understanding the reactivity of boron-carbon and boron-boron bonds is crucial for developing new synthetic methodologies.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize novel organoboron compounds.
To investigate the electronic structure and bonding in allenic diborenes.
To explore the reactivity of diborenes with isonitriles.

Main Methods:

Reduction of a tetrabromodiborane precursor using KC8.
Characterization of synthesized compounds using X-ray diffraction and computational studies.
Reaction of the allenic diborene with isonitrile molecules.

Main Results:

Synthesis of a zwitterionic boraalkenyl boronium (3).
Formation of a neutral allenic diborene (4) with cumulated C=B and B=B double bonds.
Reaction of diborene 4 with isonitriles to yield a B2C3 heterocycle (5) via B=B bond cleavage.

Conclusions:

The study successfully synthesized novel organoboron compounds with unique bonding features.
The allenic diborene exhibits interesting electronic properties due to cumulated double bonds.
The reactivity studies demonstrate the potential of diborenes as building blocks for heterocyclic synthesis.