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Coffee Drinking and Mortality in 10 European Countries: A Multinational Cohort Study
Marc J Gunter1, Neil Murphy1, Amanda J Cross1
1From International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Public Health Directorate, Asturias, Spain; Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Regional Health Department, San Sebastián, Spain; Murcia Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain; Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain; University of Cambridge and MRC Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-ISPO, Florence, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Federico II University, Naples, Italy; "Civic - M.P. Arezzo" Hospital, ASP Ragusa, Ragusa, Italy; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; and National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
Drinking coffee is linked to a lower risk of death from various causes, including digestive and circulatory diseases. This association was observed across diverse European populations and did not vary by country.
Area of Science:
- Epidemiology
- Nutritional Science
- Public Health
Background:
- The impact of coffee consumption on mortality rates across diverse European populations, considering varied preparation methods, remains unclear.
- Understanding this relationship is crucial for public health recommendations.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the association between coffee consumption and all-cause and cause-specific mortality.
- To explore potential links between coffee intake and biomarkers of liver function, inflammation, and metabolic health.
Main Methods:
- A prospective cohort study involving 521,330 participants from 10 European countries within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort.
- Mortality data were analyzed using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models.
- Biomarker associations were examined in the EPIC Biomarkers subcohort (n=14,800).
Main Results:
- Higher coffee consumption was associated with statistically significant lower all-cause mortality in both men and women.
- Inverse associations were observed for digestive disease mortality in both sexes and circulatory and cerebrovascular disease mortality in women.
- Coffee consumption was linked to lower levels of liver enzymes and inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein and glycated hemoglobin in women.
Conclusions:
- Coffee consumption is associated with a reduced risk of death from various causes, independent of country-specific factors.
- While reverse causality was considered, the findings remained consistent after excluding early deaths.
- Further research could explore the impact of coffee preparation methods on these associations.
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