Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

2.6K
Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency...
2.6K
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

19.2K
The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
19.2K
The Electron Transport Chain01:30

The Electron Transport Chain

20.6K
The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
Inhibitors of the electron transport chain
Rotenone, a widely used pesticide, prevents electron transfer from Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone or Q...
20.6K
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

1.1K
Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
1.1K
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

17.5K
A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
17.5K
Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

1.3K
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
1.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Using Combined Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization With Immunohistochemistry to Co-localize mRNA in Diverse Neuronal Cell Types.

Bio-protocol·2026
Same author

Retraction Note: Effects of innate immune receptor stimulation on extracellular α-synuclein uptake and degradation by brain resident cells.

Experimental & molecular medicine·2026
Same author

Retraction Note: The anticancer drug sunitinib promotes autophagy and protects from neurotoxicity in an HIV-1 Tat model of neurodegeneration.

Journal of neurovirology·2026
Same author

Retraction Note: Combination of alpha-synuclein immunotherapy with anti-inflammatory treatment in a transgenic mouse model of multiple system atrophy.

Acta neuropathologica communications·2026
Same author

Cannabis Use by People with HIV is Associated with an Anti-Inflammatory Immunometabolic Phenotype in Monocyte-Derived Macrophages.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Editorial Expression of Concern: Neurofibrillary and neurodegenerative pathology in APP-transgenic mice injected with AAV2-mutant TAU: neuroprotective effects of Cerebrolysin.

Acta neuropathologica·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Cellular Redox Profiling Using High-content Microscopy
11:37

Cellular Redox Profiling Using High-content Microscopy

Published on: May 14, 2017

11.6K

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Promotes Mitochondrial Toxicity.

Summer J Rozzi1, Valeria Avdoshina1, Jerel A Fields2

  • 1Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.

Neurotoxicity Research
|July 12, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Combined antiretroviral therapies (cART) successfully treat HIV but do not prevent HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Viral proteins like Tat and gp120 disrupt brain cell mitochondria, contributing to neurotoxicity and synaptic loss in HAND.

Keywords:
Ca2+HANDMitochondriaNeurotoxicityTatgp120

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: New Insights into PBMC Mitochondrial Responses Using Fluorespirometry
07:18

Author Spotlight: New Insights into PBMC Mitochondrial Responses Using Fluorespirometry

Published on: May 24, 2024

1.7K
Assessing Mitochondrial Function in Sciatic Nerve by High-Resolution Respirometry
08:19

Assessing Mitochondrial Function in Sciatic Nerve by High-Resolution Respirometry

Published on: May 5, 2022

2.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Cellular Redox Profiling Using High-content Microscopy
11:37

Cellular Redox Profiling Using High-content Microscopy

Published on: May 14, 2017

11.6K
Author Spotlight: New Insights into PBMC Mitochondrial Responses Using Fluorespirometry
07:18

Author Spotlight: New Insights into PBMC Mitochondrial Responses Using Fluorespirometry

Published on: May 24, 2024

1.7K
Assessing Mitochondrial Function in Sciatic Nerve by High-Resolution Respirometry
08:19

Assessing Mitochondrial Function in Sciatic Nerve by High-Resolution Respirometry

Published on: May 5, 2022

2.9K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Virology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Combined antiretroviral therapies (cART) have significantly improved outcomes for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients.
  • HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), marked by synaptic loss, persist despite effective cART.
  • Viral proteins, including trans-activator of transcription (Tat) and envelope glycoprotein gp120, remain expressed in the brain and contribute to neurotoxicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms by which HIV viral proteins target mitochondrial dynamics.
  • To elucidate pathways involved in HIV-induced neurotoxicity affecting synaptic function.
  • To highlight the importance of understanding these pathways for developing adjunct therapies for HAND.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on HIV neurotoxicity.
  • Analysis of viral protein interactions with mitochondrial pathways.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on synaptic alterations in HAND.

Main Results:

  • HIV viral proteins (Tat, gp120) alter mitochondrial function and dynamics.
  • These alterations contribute to synaptic simplification and neurotoxicity in the brain.
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key mechanism in HAND pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • HIV viral proteins directly impact mitochondrial dynamics, leading to neurotoxicity.
  • Targeting these mitochondrial pathways may offer new therapeutic strategies for HAND.
  • Further research into these mechanisms is essential for effective HAND treatment.