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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
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Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
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Thermometers and Temperature Scales01:22

Thermometers and Temperature Scales

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Any physical property that depends consistently and reproducibly on temperature can be used as the basis of a thermometer. For example, volume increases with temperature for most substances. This property is the basis for the common alcohol thermometer and the original mercury thermometers. Other properties used to measure temperature include electrical resistance, color, and the emission of infrared radiation.
As many physical properties depend on temperature, the variety of thermometers is...
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Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery01:19

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery

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Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.  
Step 3: Assess the patient's...
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Isothermal Processes01:21

Isothermal Processes

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A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant temperature is called an isothermal process. Heat slowly flows into the system or out of the system to maintain thermal equilibrium. Processes involving phase changes like water evaporation into steam or freezing water into ice at a constant temperature are examples of Isothermal Processes.
An ideal gas can also undergo isothermal expansion or compression.
For example, consider 1 mole of an ideal gas inside an isolated cylinder at initial volume V...
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A global multiproxy database for temperature reconstructions of the Common Era.

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    |July 12, 2017
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    Summary

    This study presents a global database of climate proxy records from 1 CE to present, crucial for understanding natural climate variability. The data reveals coherent global temperature patterns across diverse archives, aiding historical climate research.

    Area of Science:

    • Paleoclimatology
    • Climate Science
    • Earth System Science

    Background:

    • Reproducible climate reconstructions are essential for contextualizing industrial-era warming within natural climate variability.
    • Understanding long-term climate trends requires comprehensive global datasets.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a community-sourced database of temperature-sensitive proxy records spanning the Common Era (1 CE to present).
    • To facilitate investigations into global and regional temperature variability over the last two millennia.

    Main Methods:

    • Compilation of 692 proxy records from 648 locations worldwide, utilizing diverse archives (trees, ice, sediment, corals, etc.).
    • Data standardization into the Linked Paleo Data (LiPD) format for accessibility in various software (Matlab, R, Python).

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  • Analysis of temporal resolution, record length, and correlation with instrumental temperature data (HadCRUT4.2).

    • Main Results:

    • The database encompasses a wide range of record lengths (50-2000 years) and temporal resolutions (biweekly to centennial).
    • Nearly half of the proxy time series show significant correlation with instrumental temperatures from 1850-2014.
    • Global temperature composites demonstrate coherence across different archive types, locations, and screening methods.

    Conclusions:

    • The PAGES2k initiative database provides a robust resource for studying past climate variability.
    • The findings highlight consistent patterns in global temperature reconstructions across diverse proxy sources.
    • The shared LiPD format enhances data accessibility and promotes further research in paleoclimatology.