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Related Concept Videos

General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

7.3K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Determination01:51

Determination

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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
21.2K
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

7.9K
Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
7.9K
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

2.8K
2.8K
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

11.2K
Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Isolation of Whole Cell Protein Lysates from Mouse Facial Processes and Cultured Palatal Mesenchyme Cells for Phosphoprotein Analysis
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Grainyhead-like Transcription Factors in Craniofacial Development.

M R Carpinelli1, M E de Vries2, S M Jane1

  • 11 Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia.

Journal of Dental Research
|July 12, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Grainyhead-like (GRHL) transcription factors are crucial for craniofacial development. Mutations in GRHL genes cause craniofacial defects (CFDs), including palatal clefts, highlighting their role in human development.

Keywords:
IRF6Van der Woude Syndromecleft palatecongenital defectscraniofacial abnormalitiesepithelium

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Craniofacial defects (CFDs) arise from disruptions in embryonic development, affecting facial, skull, and jaw formation.
  • Genetic mutations are a significant cause of CFDs, necessitating the identification of causative genes.
  • Grainyhead-like (GRHL) transcription factors play conserved roles in craniofacial patterning across species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the craniofacial functions of GRHL factors in various model organisms.
  • To identify key target genes regulated by GRHL transcription factors in craniofacial development.
  • To infer the role of GRHL factors in human craniofacial defects, particularly palatal clefting.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on GRHL factors in craniofacial development.
  • Analysis of genetic and molecular data from model organisms (Drosophila, mouse, zebrafish).
  • Examination of human genetic studies linking GRHL3 mutations to palatal clefts.

Main Results:

  • GRHL factors are essential for head skeleton development and maxilla/mandible formation in model organisms.
  • Mutations in human GRHL3 are associated with syndromic and nonsyndromic palatal clefts.
  • GRHL factors regulate specific target genes involved in craniofacial patterning.

Conclusions:

  • GRHL transcription factors are critical regulators of vertebrate craniofacial development.
  • Understanding GRHL-mediated molecular networks provides insights into the etiology of human CFDs, especially palatal clefts.
  • Further research into GRHL target genes can inform therapeutic strategies for craniofacial anomalies.