Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

13.6K
As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
13.6K
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

5.8K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
5.8K
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

4.2K
Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
4.2K
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

716
Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
716
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

15.0K
Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
15.0K
Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

10.1K
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
10.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Translation and natural selection of micropeptides from long non-canonical RNAs.

Nature communications·2022
Same author

Developmental regulation of canonical and small ORF translation from mRNAs.

Genome biology·2020
Same author

Pervasive Behavioral Effects of MicroRNA Regulation in <i>Drosophila</i>.

Genetics·2017
Same author

The first myriapod genome sequence reveals conservative arthropod gene content and genome organisation in the centipede Strigamia maritima.

PLoS biology·2014
Same author

Extensive translation of small Open Reading Frames revealed by Poly-Ribo-Seq.

eLife·2014
Same author

The RNA-binding protein ELAV regulates Hox RNA processing, expression and function within the Drosophila nervous system.

Development (Cambridge, England)·2014
Same journal

How proteins fold.

Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology·2026
Same journal

Single-cell evidence for PANoptosome complexes.

Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology·2026
Same journal

Reply to 'Single-cell evidence for PANoptosome complexes'.

Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology·2026
Same journal

Plucking cellular ribosomes with Ribo-Tweezer.

Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology·2026
Same journal

COPII meets autophagy at the ER membrane.

Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology·2026
Same journal

Diapause presses pause on life's developmental and ageing clock.

Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

An Integrated Approach for Microprotein Identification and Sequence Analysis
09:37

An Integrated Approach for Microprotein Identification and Sequence Analysis

Published on: July 12, 2022

4.0K

Classification and function of small open reading frames.

Juan-Pablo Couso1,2, Pedro Patraquim2

  • 1Centro Andaluz de Biologia del Desarrollo, CSIC-UPO, Sevilla 41013, Spain.

Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
|July 13, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Small open reading frames (smORFs) are often ignored but are crucial in animal genomes. Our study categorizes these smORFs, revealing their roles in gene evolution and peptide regulation.

More Related Videos

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data
08:23

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

Published on: February 18, 2022

4.2K
Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster
09:39

Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster

Published on: August 21, 2014

24.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 26, 2026

An Integrated Approach for Microprotein Identification and Sequence Analysis
09:37

An Integrated Approach for Microprotein Identification and Sequence Analysis

Published on: July 12, 2022

4.0K
De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data
08:23

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

Published on: February 18, 2022

4.2K
Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster
09:39

Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster

Published on: August 21, 2014

24.8K

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Small open reading frames (smORFs) under 100 codons are typically excluded from proteome annotations.
  • Metazoan genomes, including human, harbor millions of smORFs, some with vital physiological roles.
  • Thousands of translated smORFs in Drosophila melanogaster produce peptides of largely unknown function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comprehensive analysis of smORFs in flies, mice, and humans.
  • To propose functional classifications for smORFs.
  • To explore the evolutionary significance of smORFs and their encoded peptides.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomic analysis of smORFs across species.
  • Transcriptome analysis to identify actively translated smORFs.
  • Bioinformatic approaches to predict peptide function and evolutionary origins.

Main Results:

  • Identification of diverse functional classes of smORFs, from non-coding sequences to regulatory peptides.
  • Evidence for smORFs acting as cis-regulators of translation.
  • Peptides from smORFs show potential roles in regulating membrane proteins and forming protein complexes.
  • smORF classes may represent evolutionary stages of genes and peptides.

Conclusions:

  • smORFs represent a significant, understudied component of animal genomes.
  • Functional classification of smORFs provides insights into peptide biology.
  • Model organisms are essential for understanding smORF roles in development, physiology, and disease.