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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Updated: Feb 26, 2026

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Small molecules for reprogramming and transdifferentiation.

Hua Qin1, Andong Zhao1, Xiaobing Fu2

  • 1Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS
|July 13, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Small molecules offer a promising approach to convert somatic cells into desired cell types, improving efficiency and reducing the need for gene introduction in cell reprogramming and transdifferentiation therapies.

Keywords:
Adult cellsChemical compoundDirect conversionRegenerationTissue repair

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Chemical Biology

Background:

  • Transcription factor-induced reprogramming and transdifferentiation generate various cell types but face efficiency and exogenous gene limitations.
  • Small molecules modulate cell development, fate, and function by targeting key cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the recent advancements and insights into using small molecules for cell fate conversion.
  • To discuss the potential and challenges of small molecules in generating new cells from somatic cells.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies employing small molecules in cell reprogramming and transdifferentiation.
  • Analysis of how small molecules impact induction efficiency and gene-free cell conversion.

Main Results:

  • Small molecules have significantly enhanced reprogramming and transdifferentiation efficiency.
  • Small molecules can replace exogenous genes and even induce cell fate conversion independently.
  • They offer a viable strategy for generating new cells in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • Small molecules represent a novel and effective approach for cell fate conversion.
  • Their application overcomes key limitations of traditional methods, paving the way for clinical translation.
  • Future research should focus on optimizing small molecule cocktails and understanding their long-term effects.