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Discordant Lipid Pattern and Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque. Importance of Remnant Cholesterol
Walter Masson1,2, Martín Lobo2, Graciela Molinero2
1Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Servicio de Cardiología - Argentina.
Insights
Lipid discordance, where non-HDL cholesterol exceeds LDL cholesterol, and high remnant cholesterol are linked to subclinical atherosclerosis. These findings aid in refining residual cardiovascular risk assessment.
Area of Science:
- Cardiovascular Medicine
- Lipidology
- Preventive Cardiology
Background:
- Elevated non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C) compared to LDL cholesterol (lipid discordance) or high remnant cholesterol may indicate increased residual cardiovascular risk.
- Understanding the prevalence and clinical correlates of lipid discordance is crucial for risk stratification.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the prevalence of lipid discordance in a primary prevention cohort.
- To identify clinical variables associated with lipid discordance.
- To investigate the association between lipid discordance, remnant cholesterol, and carotid plaque presence.
Main Methods:
- Inclusion of primary prevention patients without diabetes or lipid-lowering therapy.
- Definition of lipid discordance as non-HDL-C > LDL-C + 30 mg/dL.
- Calculation of remnant cholesterol and assessment of carotid plaque via ultrasound; logistic regression analysis.
Main Results:
- A 34% prevalence of lipid discordance was observed in 772 patients (66% women, mean age 52).
- Male sex and higher body mass index were independently associated with lipid discordance.
- Lipid discordance (40.2% vs. 29.2%, p=0.002) and higher remnant cholesterol were significantly associated with carotid plaque.
Conclusions:
- Lipid discordance and elevated remnant cholesterol are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis.
- These lipid patterns may serve as important markers for enhanced residual cardiovascular risk evaluation.
Background::
Subjects with levels of non-HDL-C 30 mg/dL above those of LDL-C (lipid discordance) or with high remnant cholesterol levels could have a greater residual cardiovascular risk.
Objectives::
To determine the prevalence of lipid discordance in a primary prevention population and analyze the clinical variables associated with it; To investigate the association between lipid discordance and remnant cholesterol with the presence of carotid plaque.
Methods::
Primary prevention patients without diabetes or lipid-lowering therapy were included. Regardless of the LDL-C level, we define "lipid discordance" if the non-HDL-C value exceeded 30 mg/dL that of LDL-C. Remnant cholesterol was calculated as total cholesterol minus HDL-C minus LDL-C when triglycerides were < 4.0 mmol/L. Ultrasound was used to assess carotid plaque occurrence. Multiple regression logistic models were performed.
Results::
The study included 772 patients (mean age 52 ± 11 years, 66% women). The prevalence of lipid discordance was 34%. Male sex and body mass index were independently associated with discordant lipid pattern. The prevalence of carotid plaque was higher in subjects with lipid discordance (40.2% vs. 29.2, p = 0.002). The multivariate analysis showed that the discordant lipid pattern was associated with the greater probability of carotid plaque (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.08-2.34, p = 0.02). Similarly, a significant association between calculated remnant cholesterol and carotid plaque was found.
Conclusion::
Lipid discordance and presence of a higher level of calculated remnant cholesterol are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis. Our findings could be used to improve the residual cardiovascular risk evaluation.
Fundamento::
Indivíduos com níveis de não HDL-C excedendo em 30 mg/dl aqueles de LDL-C (discordância lipídica) ou com altos níveis de colesterol remanescente poderiam ter maior risco cardiovascular residual.
Objetivos::
determinar a prevalência de discordância lipídica em uma população de prevenção primária e analisar as variáveis clínicas com ela associadas; investigar a associação de discordância lipídica e colesterol remanescente calculado com a presença de placa carotídea.
MéTodos::
Pacientes de prevenção primária sem diabetes ou sem terapia hipolipemiante foram incluídos. Independentemente do nível de LDL-C, definiu-se "discordância lipídica" como um valor de não HDL-C excedendo em 30 mg/dl aquele de LDL-C. Calculou-se o colesterol remanescente como colesterol total menos HDL-C menos LDL-C na presença de triglicerídeos < 4,0 mmol/l. Usou-se ultrassom para avaliar a presença de placa carotídea. Modelos de regressão logística múltipla foram construídos.
Resultados::
Este estudo incluiu 772 pacientes (idade média, 52 ± 11 anos; 66% mulheres). A prevalência de discordância lipídica foi de 34%. Sexo masculino e índice de massa corporal mostraram associação independente com padrão lipídico discordante. A prevalência de placa carotídea foi maior em indivíduos com discordância lipídica (40,2% vs. 29,2; p = 0,002). A análise multivariada mostrou associação do padrão lipídico discordante com maior probabilidade de placa carotídea (OR: 1,58; IC95%: 1,08-2,34; p = 0,02). Da mesma forma, identificou-se uma significativa associação entre colesterol remanescente calculado e placa carotídea.
ConclusãO::
Discordância lipídica e presença de nível mais alto de colesterol remanescente calculado acham-se associados com aterosclerose subclínica. Nossos achados podem ser usados para aprimorar a avaliação de risco cardiovascular residual.
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