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Related Concept Videos

Incomplete Dominance01:43

Incomplete Dominance

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Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
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The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

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In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female...
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Trihybrid Crosses02:27

Trihybrid Crosses

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Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal...
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Inheritance01:25

Inheritance

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Gregor Mendel's pioneering work on the principles of inheritance fundamentally transformed our understanding of how traits are transmitted from generation to generation. His experiments with pea plants laid the groundwork for the discovery of genes, discrete units within organisms that control heredity.
Each gene exists in pairs, and the combination of these genes from both parents forms an individual's genotype. This genotype is a blueprint of potential traits. Examples of genotype...
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Inclusive Fitness00:57

Inclusive Fitness

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Most altruistic behavior—in which one animal helps another at a cost to themselves—occurs between relatives. Scientists think these altruistic behaviors evolved because they increase the inclusive fitness of the animal providing help.
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Law of Segregation01:49

Law of Segregation

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When crossing pea plants, Mendel noticed that one of the parental traits would sometimes disappear in the first generation of offspring, called the F1 generation, and could reappear in the next generation (F2). He concluded that one of the traits must be dominant over the other, thereby causing masking of one trait in the F1 generation. When he crossed the F1 plants, he found that 75% of the offspring in the F2 generation had the dominant phenotype, while 25% had the recessive phenotype.
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Updated: Feb 26, 2026

An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations
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The selfish germ.

Andrew F Read1

  • 1Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Departments of Biology and Entomology, Penn State, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America.

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|July 13, 2017
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Evolutionary science, initially sparked by wasp behavior, offers predictive power. This approach may help combat treatment failures in cancer and infectious diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Predictive modeling
  • Disease research

Background:

  • Evolutionary science has historically explained past biological phenomena.
  • The predictive capacity of evolutionary science is an emerging area of study.
  • Understanding evolutionary mechanisms is crucial for addressing modern health challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the predictive power of evolutionary science using an example from wasp reproductive behavior.
  • To explore the potential application of this predictive evolutionary approach to human diseases.
  • To identify novel strategies for overcoming treatment resistance in cancer and infectious diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Observational studies of wasp reproductive strategies.
  • Development of predictive evolutionary models.
  • Analysis of treatment failure data in oncology and infectious disease cases.

Main Results:

  • Wasp reproductive behavior provided a powerful, predictive evolutionary insight.
  • The established predictive framework shows potential applicability to disease evolution.
  • Early indications suggest this approach could inform strategies against treatment resistance.

Conclusions:

  • Evolutionary science offers robust predictive capabilities beyond historical explanations.
  • The predictive power of evolutionary science can be harnessed to address critical health issues.
  • This research opens new avenues for preventing and managing treatment failures in medicine.