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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Flat Mount Imaging of Mouse Skin and Its Application to the Analysis of Hair Follicle Patterning and Sensory Axon Morphology
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Hierarchical patterning modes orchestrate hair follicle morphogenesis.

James D Glover1, Kirsty L Wells1, Franziska Matthäus2

  • 1The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.

Plos Biology
|July 13, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Repeating patterns in development arise from either reaction-diffusion or mesenchymal self-organization. This study reveals a hierarchy where epidermal prepatterns guide mesenchymal cell condensation, but dermal cells can self-organize independently.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Pattern formation
  • Cellular self-organization

Background:

  • Two theories explain developmental pattern origins: Turing reaction-diffusion and mesenchymal self-organization.
  • Hair follicle development involves epidermal prepatterns and dermal cell clustering.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the interplay between reaction-diffusion and mesenchymal self-organization in hair follicle patterning.
  • To identify signaling networks involved in spontaneous pattern generation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized time-lapse imaging to observe cell behavior.
  • Investigated signaling pathways including fibroblast growth factor (FGF), wingless-related integration site (WNT), and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP).
  • Manipulated signaling conditions to differentiate between patterning mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Identified an FGF, WNT, and BMP signaling network capable of spontaneous periodic pattern formation.
  • Confirmed mesenchymal cell condensation is locally directed by an epidermal prepattern.
  • Demonstrated latent dermal self-organization capacity under specific signaling conditions (high FGF, low BMP).
  • Showcased transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling's role in mesenchymal patterning when reaction-diffusion is suppressed.

Conclusions:

  • Hair follicle patterning involves a hierarchy of modes, with epidermal prepatterns directing mesenchymal condensation.
  • Dermal mesenchymal cells possess an intrinsic capacity for self-organization, influenced by TGF-β signaling.
  • This study elucidates the complex interplay of signaling networks in generating biological patterns during organogenesis.