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Related Concept Videos

The Endoplasmic Reticulum01:43

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

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The endoplasmic reticulum or ER makes up for more than half of the membranes in a cell and accounts for 10% of total cell volume. It is also the primary protein and lipid synthesis factory for most cell organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane. Despite being the most extensive and functionally complex subcellular organelle, ER was the last to be discovered. After years of deliberation, Keith Porter and George Palade in the year 1954,...
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Endoplasmic Reticulum01:39

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) in eukaryotic cells is a substantial network of interconnected membranes with diverse functions, from calcium storage to biomolecule synthesis. A primary component of the endomembrane system, the ER manufactures phospholipids critical for membrane function throughout the cell. Additionally, the two distinct regions of the ER specialize in the manufacture of specific lipids and proteins.
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Golgi Apparatus01:49

Golgi Apparatus

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As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are transported by microtubule-based motor proteins and fuse together to form vesicular tubular clusters, subsequently arriving at the Golgi apparatus, a eukaryotic endomembrane organelle that often has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance.
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Golgi Apparatus01:09

Golgi Apparatus

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Properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles that exit the ER. Motor proteins transport these vesicles to the Golgi apparatus for adding modifications that make these proteins functional at their destination.
The Golgi apparatus is a eukaryotic organelle that has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance. It is a primary sorting and dispatch station for cargo arriving from the ER. Newly arriving vesicles enter the cis face of the Golgi, closest to the ER, and are...
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ER Retrieval Pathway01:45

ER Retrieval Pathway

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In the secretory pathway, vesicles transport proteins from one cellular compartment to another in forward transport to deliver the protein to its correct location. Occasionally, misfolded proteins and incorrect proteins escape their original compartments, and a retrieval pathway is used to return the escaped proteins to their original compartment.
The ER uses many checkpoints to prevent the entry of incorrectly folded or a resident protein as cargo onto a transport vesicle. These mechanisms...
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Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum01:34

Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...
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Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Spontaneous Formation and Rearrangement of Artificial Lipid Nanotube Networks as a Bottom-Up Model for Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Modeling Endoplasmic Reticulum Network Maintenance in a Plant Cell.

Congping Lin1, Rhiannon R White2, Imogen Sparkes3

  • 1Center for Mathematical Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Lab of Engineering Modeling and Scientific Computing, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Mathematics, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) forms a dynamic, complex network in plant cells.
  • ER network structure is shaped by biophysical forces and organelle interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate two key biophysical processes remodeling the ER network.
  • Develop a model to understand ER network dynamics and statistical properties.

Main Methods:

  • Live cell imaging of ER network dynamics in tobacco leaf epidermal cells.
  • Developing an integrative biophysical model of ER remodeling.

Main Results:

  • Identified dynamic relaxation (reducing complexity) and cytoskeletal interactions (increasing complexity) as key remodeling processes.
  • The model quantitatively replicates observed ER network structures.
  • Parameter variation in the model reveals effects on network statistics.

Conclusions:

  • ER network structure results from a balance between length-reducing and complexity-increasing biophysical processes.
  • The integrative model provides a framework for studying ER network remodeling.