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Related Concept Videos

Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

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For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
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Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications.
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Design Example: Joints in Concrete Pavements01:28

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Concrete pavement joints are essential for maintaining the structural integrity and longevity of pavement by controlling where and how the pavement cracks. These joints can be categorized based on their functions, such as contraction or control joints, construction joints, isolation joints, and expansion joints.
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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
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Functional Classification of Joints01:09

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Functional Classification of Joints
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When measuring distances in areas with physical obstructions, such as a lake in a field, surveyors must employ techniques to calculate accurate lengths without direct line measurements. One effective method is the offset technique, which allows for precise distance estimation over inaccessible stretches.In this scenario, a surveyor must measure a side of an area that crosses a lake. Since the measuring tape cannot span the lake, the surveyor begins by establishing a baseline that aligns with...
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Related Experiment Video

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Trajectory Data Analyses for Pedestrian Space-time Activity Study
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Quantifying and Modeling Coordination and Coherence in Pedestrian Groups.

Adam W Kiefer1,2,3,4, Kevin Rio1, Stéphane Bonneaud1

  • 1Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, United States.

Frontiers in Psychology
|July 14, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pedestrian groups spontaneously coordinate walking speed, demonstrating stable group dynamics. This study quantifies collective behavior in non-rhythmic movement using cross-recurrence quantification analysis.

Keywords:
cross-recurrence quantificationgroup coordinationgroup locomotionprincipal components analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Collective behavior research
  • Human dynamics
  • Non-rhythmic coordination

Background:

  • Coherent group behavior arises from local interactions.
  • Quantifying coordination in non-rhythmic group movement remains challenging.
  • Understanding local and global dynamics is key to deciphering group behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply methods for quantifying group coordination in non-rhythmic behavior.
  • To investigate spontaneous coordination in small pedestrian groups.
  • To model dyad and group-level coordination.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated four pedestrians walking to a goal, analyzing speed and heading.
  • Employed cross-correlation to measure coupling strength between individuals.
  • Utilized cross-recurrence quantification (CRQ) analysis for dynamic stability assessment.

Main Results:

  • Real pedestrian groups exhibited lower-dimensional behavior compared to controls.
  • Significantly stronger and more stable coupling of walking speed was observed in real groups.
  • No significant difference in heading alignment between real and virtual groups due to a common goal.

Conclusions:

  • Pedestrian groups exhibit spontaneous coordination, leading to coherent global behavior.
  • The study provides a methodological framework for analyzing complex group dynamics.
  • Findings highlight the emergence of order from local interactions in human movement.