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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Ferromagnetism

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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
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Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

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All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
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Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Lantern-shaped 3d-4f high-nuclearity clusters with magnetocaloric effect.

Qingfang Lin1, Jing Li, Yayu Dong

  • 1College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China. yanxu@njtech.edu.cn.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|July 14, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Two novel lantern-shaped metal clusters containing gadolinium and dysprosium were synthesized. The gadolinium cluster exhibits a significant magnetocaloric effect (MCE), indicating potential for cooling applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Magnetism

Background:

  • High-nuclearity 3d-4f clusters are of interest for their unique magnetic properties.
  • Lanthanide-based materials are crucial for developing advanced magnetic cooling technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize novel high-nuclearity 3d-4f clusters using specific co-ligands.
  • To investigate the magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effect (MCE) of the synthesized clusters.

Main Methods:

  • Solvothermal synthesis was employed to create the {Ln52Ni52} clusters (Ln = Gd, Dy).
  • Iminodiacetic acid (H2IDA) and isonicotinic acid (HIN) were used as co-ligands.
  • Magnetic studies were conducted to evaluate the magnetocaloric effect.

Main Results:

  • Two lantern-shaped clusters, {Gd52Ni52} and {Dy52Ni52}, were successfully synthesized.
  • The gadolinium analogue demonstrated a large magnetocaloric effect (MCE).

Conclusions:

  • The successful synthesis of these high-nuclearity 3d-4f clusters expands the library of functional magnetic materials.
  • The observed MCE in the gadolinium cluster highlights its potential for cryogenic applications and magnetic refrigeration.