Neuroleptic-associated tardive syndromes

We have briefly reviewed the literature on late-onset akathisia, dystonia, and Tourette-like syndrome in patients on long-term neuroleptic treatment. To date, there is no satisfactory epidemiologic or other evidence directly implicating neuroleptics in the etiology of these so-called tardive syndromes. Similarities between these disorders and tardive dyskinesia, however, make them worthy of some consideration.