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Related Concept Videos

Endoscopic Procedures II: Colonoscopy01:25

Endoscopic Procedures II: Colonoscopy

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The colon, or large intestine, is the final segment of the digestive system. Its primary functions include absorbing water and vitamins produced by gut bacteria and transforming waste from liquid to solid to form stool. In adults, the large intestine is approximately 5 feet long and consists of four main sections:
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease V: Surgical Management01:21

Inflammatory Bowel Disease V: Surgical Management

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Surgical interventions for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are essential in managing symptoms and addressing complications. The selection of surgical procedures is contingent upon the specific conditions and complications that stem from these illnesses.
Here are some common surgical interventions for IBD:
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Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy01:26

Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy

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Sigmoidoscopy and laparoscopy are distinct medical procedures that enable physicians to internally inspect different parts of the GI tract. Although they serve different purposes, each is essential for diagnosing and, in some cases, treating various medical conditions.
Sigmoidoscopy
Sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that uses a flexible sigmoidoscope equipped with a light source and camera to examine the rectum and sigmoid colon. The procedure involves inserting the tube through the anus...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...
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Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
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Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction01:17

Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction

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Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The distinctive feature is recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered bowel movements, manifesting as constipation, diarrhea, or fluctuating between both. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection
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Clostridium Difficile, Colitis, and Colonoscopy: Pediatric Perspective.

Randolph McConnie1,2, Arthur Kastl3

  • 1Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Rush University Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA. Randolph_McConnie@rush.edu.

Current Gastroenterology Reports
|July 15, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Clostridium difficile (C. diff.) testing should only be performed on patients with diarrhea. Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) is most effective for diagnosing C. diff.-induced disease in symptomatic children and adults.

Keywords:
Binary toxinC. diff.C. diff. toxinChildrenClostridium difficileColitisColonoscopyNAP1PediatricPseudomembranous colitisToxin AToxin B

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Diagnostics
  • Microbiology
  • Pediatric Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Clostridium difficile (C. diff.) infection causes significant gastrointestinal distress.
  • C. diff. produces toxins (A, B, and binary) that are responsible for disease pathology.
  • Accurate diagnostic methods are crucial for timely and appropriate treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review available diagnostic tests for Clostridium difficile-induced disease.
  • To provide guidance on the appropriate use and interpretation of these tests in children.
  • To clarify the role of different C. diff. toxins in disease causation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on C. diff. diagnostic assays.
  • Analysis of test sensitivity and specificity, including colonoscopy and stool analysis.
  • Evaluation of nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for toxin gene detection.

Main Results:

  • Colonoscopy with biopsy is highly sensitive for colitis but invasive.
  • Stool analyses vary in accuracy; presence of C. diff. or toxins alone does not confirm disease.
  • NAAT on stool from patients with diarrhea is efficient for detecting toxin A and B genes.
  • Infants have high C. diff. carriage rates and generally do not require testing.
  • Testing is indicated only for patients with diarrhea and clinical signs of C. diff. disease.

Conclusions:

  • NAAT is the most efficient diagnostic tool for C. diff.-induced disease in patients with diarrhea.
  • Testing infants for C. diff. is not recommended due to high carriage rates and low disease incidence.
  • Treatment decisions should be based on confirmed C. diff. toxin or toxin-producing bacteria in patients with diarrhea.