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Related Concept Videos

Tonsillitis I: Introduction01:30

Tonsillitis I: Introduction

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Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
Etiology
Three primary contributing factors have been identified.
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Acute Pharyngitis01:30

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Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:
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Tonsillitis II: Management01:26

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This lesson will focus on the different treatment options for managing tonsillitis, which typically depend on the cause and severity.
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Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

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Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
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It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
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Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

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Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
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Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

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In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses
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Acute Otitis Media in Children.

Alexander K C Leung1, Alex H C Wong2

  • 1The University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, #200, 233 - 16th Avenue NW, Calgary, Alberta. Canada.

Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery
|July 15, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Acute otitis media (AOM) is a common childhood infection. Antimicrobial treatment is recommended for most young children, but observation is an option for some older, healthy children.

Keywords:
Amoxicillinerythematous tympanic membranefevermiddle ear effusionotalgiaotorrheawatchful observation

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Acute otitis media (AOM) is a prevalent childhood infection requiring prompt diagnosis and effective management.
  • Understanding AOM's epidemiology and pathophysiology is crucial for pediatric care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct an in-depth review of acute otitis media in children.
  • Focus on epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, complications, and treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive PubMed search utilizing "acute otitis media" as the key term.
  • Inclusion of patent searches from Google Patents, espacenet, and FreePatentsOnline for management innovations.

Main Results:

  • AOM affects over 80% of children by age three, with recurrent episodes common.
  • Key pathogens include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis.
  • Diagnosis relies on acute symptoms, middle ear inflammation, and effusion; treatment varies by age, laterality, and severity.

Conclusions:

  • Antimicrobial therapy is advised for children under two, and for older children with specific severe symptoms or risk factors.
  • Amoxicillin is the primary antibiotic choice.
  • Observation without antibiotics is a viable option for select immunocompetent older children with uncomplicated AOM and reliable follow-up.