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Related Concept Videos

Gene Families01:57

Gene Families

Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...
Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells
14:26

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

Published on: April 4, 2016

Large inverted duplications are associated with gene amplification.

M Ford, M Fried

    Cell
    |May 9, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers found inverted duplications in amplified DNA, suggesting a role in gene amplification mechanisms. This discovery aids understanding of how cells increase DNA copy numbers, relevant to cancer research.

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics
    • Cancer Research

    Background:

    • Amplified DNA, often found in repeated units, is implicated in various cellular processes.
    • Understanding the structural organization of amplified DNA is crucial for elucidating gene amplification mechanisms.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the presence and significance of inverted duplications within amplified DNA sequences.
    • To explore the association between inverted duplications and gene amplification in human tumor and drug-resistant cell lines.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed an assay to detect inverted duplicated DNA based on resistance to S1 hydrolysis after denaturation and renaturation.
    • Analyzed amplified DNA from human tumor cell lines containing the myc gene and PALA-resistant BHK cell lines containing the CAD gene.

    More Related Videos

    Oncogenic Gene Fusion Detection Using Anchored Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Followed by Next Generation Sequencing
    09:49

    Oncogenic Gene Fusion Detection Using Anchored Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Followed by Next Generation Sequencing

    Published on: July 5, 2019

    Robust Detection of Gene Amplification in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Samples by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
    03:55

    Robust Detection of Gene Amplification in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Samples by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

    Published on: July 12, 2024

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: May 12, 2026

    Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells
    14:26

    Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

    Published on: April 4, 2016

    Oncogenic Gene Fusion Detection Using Anchored Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Followed by Next Generation Sequencing
    09:49

    Oncogenic Gene Fusion Detection Using Anchored Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Followed by Next Generation Sequencing

    Published on: July 5, 2019

    Robust Detection of Gene Amplification in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Samples by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
    03:55

    Robust Detection of Gene Amplification in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Samples by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

    Published on: July 12, 2024

    Main Results:

    • Successfully detected inverted duplications in amplified DNA (DM and HSR configurations) harboring the myc gene (16-50 copies/cell) in four human tumor cell lines.
    • Identified inverted duplications in amplified DNA with the CAD gene (30-200 copies/cell) in three PALA-resistant BHK cell lines.

    Conclusions:

    • The consistent presence of inverted duplications alongside amplified DNA suggests a fundamental role in the amplification process.
    • These findings provide insights into the mechanisms driving gene amplification, potentially relevant to oncogenesis and drug resistance.