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Bone Disorders

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...

Introduction to Joints

Introduction to Joints

The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide little or no...

Fractures: Bone Repair

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts—...

Bone Markings

Bone Markings

Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
Articulating Projections
Articulating projections are found where two bones meet to form a joint. These structures are usually found at the ends of bones. The largest articulation is a rounded projection called the head, supported by a narrow neck at the ends of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Treatment with Vancomycin Loaded Calcium Sulphate and Autogenous Bone in an Improved Rabbit Model of Bone Infection

Treatment with Vancomycin Loaded Calcium Sulphate and Autogenous Bone in an Improved Rabbit Model of Bone Infection

Published on: March 14, 2019

Bone and Joint Infections

Jesús Saavedra-Lozano¹, Oana Falup-Pecurariu, Saul N Faust

¹From the *Complutense University of Madrid, and †Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Disease Unit, Gregorio Marañón Hospital, Madrid, Spain; ‡Department of Pediatrics, Children's Clinic Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University, Brasov, Romania; §NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; ¶Vivantes Klinikum im Friedrichshain, and ‖Department of Pediatrics, Clinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Berlin, Germany; **Department of Pediatrics, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; ††Baylor College of Medicine, and ‡‡Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases Service, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; §§Équipe opérationnelle d'infectiologie et service de pédiatrie générale, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; ¶¶Department of Pediatrics, Democritus University of Thrace Faculty of Medicine, University General Hospital of Evros, Alexandroupolis, Thrace, Greece; ‖‖Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; ***Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; †††The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and ‡‡‡ALM Consulting, The Netherlands.

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal

|July 15, 2017

Summary

No abstract available in PubMed .

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