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Related Concept Videos

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

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In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops...
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Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Generation of Genome-wide Chromatin Conformation Capture Libraries from Tightly Staged Early Drosophila Embryos
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Generation of Genome-wide Chromatin Conformation Capture Libraries from Tightly Staged Early Drosophila Embryos

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3D Chromatin Structures of Mature Gametes and Structural Reprogramming during Mammalian Embryogenesis.

Yuwen Ke1, Yanan Xu2, Xuepeng Chen1

  • 1CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Cell
|July 15, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Early mammalian embryo development involves significant chromatin remodeling. This study reveals how 3D chromatin architecture, including topologically associated domains (TADs), is established from gametes through early embryonic stages.

Keywords:
Hi-CTADchromatin structurecompartmentembryo developmentepigeneticgametezygotic genome activation

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Chromatin Spread Preparations for the Analysis of Mouse Oocyte Progression from Prophase to Metaphase II
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Zygotic Fluorescence Recovery After Photo-bleaching Analysis for Chromatin Looseness That Allows Full-term Development
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Chromatin Spread Preparations for the Analysis of Mouse Oocyte Progression from Prophase to Metaphase II
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Zygotic Fluorescence Recovery After Photo-bleaching Analysis for Chromatin Looseness That Allows Full-term Development
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Zygotic Fluorescence Recovery After Photo-bleaching Analysis for Chromatin Looseness That Allows Full-term Development

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • High-order chromatin structure is crucial for gene regulation.
  • The dynamic changes in 3D chromatin during mammalian embryo development are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the 3D chromatin architecture of mouse gametes and early embryos.
  • To understand the establishment and reprogramming of chromatin structures during early development.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an optimized Hi-C technique suitable for low-cell samples.
  • Analyzed chromatin interactions in mouse oocytes, sperm, zygotes, and early embryos.

Main Results:

  • Mature oocytes lack topologically associated domains (TADs).
  • Sperm exhibit frequent long-range and interchromosomal interactions.
  • Chromatin structures in zygotes and early embryos are initially obscure, with TADs gradually re-establishing.
  • TAD establishment requires DNA replication but not zygotic genome activation.
  • Unmethylated CpGs are enriched in the A compartment, and methylation decreases more in the A compartment than the B compartment.

Conclusions:

  • A global reprogramming of chromatin architecture occurs during early mammalian development.
  • The findings provide insights into the dynamic regulation of the genome during embryogenesis.