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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
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Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

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Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
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Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

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In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
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Breathing01:05

Breathing

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The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
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Respiratory System Abnormal Finding I: Inspection and Percussion01:30

Respiratory System Abnormal Finding I: Inspection and Percussion

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Respiratory system abnormalities are a significant concern in healthcare due to their potential to indicate underlying severe conditions like Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, and pneumonia. These abnormalities can often be detected through physical examination methods like inspection and percussion.
Inspection Findings
During an inspection, several findings may suggest the presence of respiratory distress or disease. Pursed-lip breathing, where exhalation is slowed by...
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Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Increasing Pulmonary Artery Pulsatile Flow Improves Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets
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Pulmonary hypoplasia.

C Michael Cotten1

  • 1Professor of Pediatrics, Duke University Department of Pediatrics, Durham, NC, USA.

Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
|July 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fetal lung development, including breathing movements and fluid accumulation, is crucial for newborn survival. Understanding stem cell biology and lung mechanics may improve outcomes for infants with disrupted lung development.

Keywords:
Branching morphogenesisInhaled nitric oxideLung fluidLung hypoplasia

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Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus
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Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus
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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal physiology
  • Developmental biology
  • Pulmonary medicine

Background:

  • Newborn survival depends on adequate lung gas exchange capacity.
  • Fetal lung development involves dynamic processes like breathing movements and fluid accumulation.
  • Pulmonary hypoplasia is a significant cause of mortality in newborns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the critical role of fetal lung development in neonatal survival.
  • To discuss challenges in managing premature infants with disrupted lung development.
  • To explore potential new therapeutic approaches based on stem cell biology and lung mechanics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of key factors in fetal lung development (branching morphogenesis, septation).
  • Analysis of the impact of disrupted lung development on neonatal outcomes.
  • Exploration of emerging concepts in stem cell biology and lung mechanics.

Main Results:

  • Fetal breathing movements and lung fluid accumulation are vital for lung growth and gas exchange.
  • Disrupted lung development, particularly in early stages, leads to pulmonary hypoplasia and challenges in neonatal management.
  • Current management of disrupted lung development in premature infants has limited success.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in understanding stem cell biology and lung mechanics offer promise for novel clinical strategies.
  • Improved clinical applications of developmental biology may enhance outcomes for infants with pulmonary hypoplasia.
  • Further research into stem cell applications and mechanical lung development is warranted for improved neonatal care.