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Updated: Feb 26, 2026

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Heterogeneity Mapping of Protein Expression in Tumors using Quantitative Immunofluorescence
Published on: October 25, 2011
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Phylogenetic Quantification of Intratumor Heterogeneity
Thomas B K Watkins1, Roland F Schwarz2
1The Francis Crick Institute, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom.
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
|July 16, 2017
Summary
Multisample sequencing studies effectively reveal cancer
Area of Science:
- Genomics
- Cancer Research
- Evolutionary Biology
Background:
- Intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) is a key feature of human cancers.
- Understanding cancer evolution is crucial for effective treatment strategies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To highlight the benefits of multisample sequencing for cancer research.
- To demonstrate how multisample studies enhance the understanding of cancer evolution and ITH.
Main Methods:
- Analyzing multiple tumor samples or regions from individual patients.
- Utilizing sequencing data for phylogenetic tree inference and variant phasing.
- Deriving summary statistics to quantify ITH.
Main Results:
- Multisample studies accurately phase germline variants and copy-number profiles.
- These studies are effective in detecting clonal expansions and quantifying ITH.
- Analysis of metastatic clades provides insights into cancer progression modes.
Conclusions:
- Multisample sequencing is essential for tracing cancer evolutionary pathways.
- These studies improve our understanding of selection, neutral evolution, and mutator phenotypes in cancer genomes.

