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Electric Circuit Elements01:21

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Circuit elements are the basic building blocks of an electric circuit. Essentially, an electric circuit is the interconnection of these elements. Within electric circuits, one can find two types of elements: passive and active. Active elements have the ability to generate energy, whereas passive elements do not. Passive elements include components like resistors, capacitors, and inductors, while active elements typically encompass generators, batteries, and operational amplifiers.
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
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G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Silicon Nanowires and Optical Stimulation for Investigations of Intra- and Intercellular Electrical Coupling
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Innexin expression in electrically coupled motor circuits.

Adriane G Otopalik1, Brian Lane2, David J Schulz2

  • 1Volen Center and Biology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.

Neuroscience Letters
|July 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Innexins form gap junctions in invertebrates, influencing neural circuits like the stomatogastric and cardiac ganglia in crustaceans. These studies suggest innexins correlate neural activity and gene expression in developing and adult animals.

Keywords:
Cardiac ganglionCentral pattern generatorsCrustaceanNeuronal homeostasisStomatogastric ganglion

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Invertebrate Zoology

Background:

  • Innexins are invertebrate gap junction proteins with diverse roles.
  • Central pattern generating circuits, such as the stomatogastric and cardiac ganglia in crustaceans, are crucial for rhythmic behaviors.
  • Understanding innexin function in these circuits is key to deciphering neural coordination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize innexin expression and function in crustacean stomatogastric and cardiac ganglia.
  • To explore the relationship between innexin expression, gap junction properties, and neuronal activity.
  • To investigate the role of innexins in correlating neural activity during development and in adults.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on innexin expression and function in crustacean ganglia.
  • Analysis of innexin gene expression patterns.
  • Examination of gap junction properties (symmetrical and rectifying).
  • Correlation of innexin expression with ion channel conductances and electrical coupling.

Main Results:

  • Crustacean stomatogastric and cardiac ganglia express multiple innexin genes.
  • These ganglia exhibit diverse gap junction types (symmetrical and rectifying) within and between cell types.
  • Correlations exist between ion channel and innexin expression in coupled neurons.
  • Functional relationships between ion channel conductances and electrical coupling were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Innexins play a significant role in shaping electrical coupling in crustacean neural circuits.
  • Innexins are implicated in coordinating neuronal activity at both gene expression and physiological levels.
  • These findings highlight the importance of innexins in neural development and adult function.