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Related Concept Videos

Human Genetics01:28

Human Genetics

1.7K
Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
The complex relationship between genetics and psychology is observable through common biological components such...
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CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine01:27

CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine

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Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
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Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype01:31

Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype

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Adrenoceptors are classified into α and ꞵ classes based on their potencies to catecholamine agonists. α-adrenoceptors show the following order of catecholamine potency:
Adrenaline ≥ Noradrenaline >> Isoprenaline
α-adrenoceptors are further divided into α1 and α2-adrenoceptors.
α1-Adrenoceptors: These receptors are located postsynaptically on the effector organs and cause constriction of smooth muscle mediated by activation of phospholipase...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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G-protein Coupled Receptors01:21

G-protein Coupled Receptors

133.0K
G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.
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Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins01:22

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

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Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila
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An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila

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Human GABA, Receptor αl and α3 Subunits Genes and Alcoholism.

A Parsian1, C R Cloninger1

  • 1Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.

Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research
|July 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Genetic variations in GABA receptor genes may influence alcoholism. While GABRα1 showed no significant differences, GABRα3 allele frequencies differed between alcoholics and controls, suggesting a potential role in alcohol dependence.

Keywords:
Alcoholic SubtypesGABAA ReceptorsHaplotype Relative RiskPolymorphismsRelative Risk

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Investigating Drivers of Antireward in Addiction Behavior with Anatomically Specific Single-Cell Gene Expression Methods
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
  • GABAergic signaling, particularly through GABAA receptors, is implicated in ethanol's effects and alcohol withdrawal.
  • GABAA receptor antagonists and agonists modulate ethanol-induced behaviors and withdrawal symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between GABA receptor (GABR) gene polymorphisms and alcoholism.
  • To determine if specific GABR gene variants contribute to the development of alcohol dependence.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized simple sequence repeat (SSR) polymorphisms in GABRα1 and GABRα3 genes.
  • Compared allele frequencies in unrelated alcoholics, alcoholic probands with parental history, and psychiatrically normal controls.
  • Performed haplotype relative risk analysis to assess genetic linkage.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in GABRα1 allele frequencies were observed across all groups.
  • Significant differences in GABRα3 allele frequencies were found between total alcoholics and normal controls.
  • Haplotype relative risk analyses for both GABRα1 and GABRα3 yielded negative results.

Conclusions:

  • The GABRα3 gene may play a role in alcoholism susceptibility, as indicated by allele frequency differences.
  • The study highlights the need for larger family-based studies to confirm findings and explore complex genetic interactions.
  • Replication studies using haplotype relative risk or affected sib-pair analysis are recommended to further elucidate the genetic contribution of GABR genes to alcoholism.